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Topic Review
Big Data in Biodiversity Science
Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species and ecosystems of life on Earth, and is the source of many essential goods and services (e.g., food, timber, medicine, nutrient recycling, crop pollination) that support human well-being and quality of life. Despite several international treaties, efforts and commitments to curb its loss, biodiversity continues to decline at a rate above species discovery rate, largely due to anthropogenic factors. To assess the status and trends (local and global) in biodiversity requires a vast amount of relevant information on the distribution and abundance of different species across varying spatial and temporal scales. In other words, relevant data need to be collected, collated, and analyzed.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Potential to Minimise Variations in Grain Quality
Climate change has wide-reaching consequences for agriculture by altering both the yield and nutritional composition of grains. This poses a significant challenge for the poultry industry which relies on large quantities of high-quality feed grains to support meat and egg production. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2), heat and drought overall reduce grain yield and quality. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gray Fox
The Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is a species of fox native to North and Central America, recognized for its distinctive grayish fur, bushy tail, and characteristic black stripe running along its back. Unlike other fox species, the Gray Fox is adept at climbing trees, utilizing its semi-retractable claws to ascend and evade predators or hunt for prey. With a diverse diet including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and vegetation, the Gray Fox occupies a variety of habitats ranging from forests and woodlands to suburban areas, making it a versatile and adaptable carnivore.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Crab-eating Fox
The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a canid species native to South America, recognized for its specialized diet and adaptable behavior. Despite its name, the Crab-eating Fox primarily consumes a wide variety of foods, including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. With its distinctive reddish-brown fur and bushy tail, the Crab-eating Fox occupies diverse habitats ranging from forests and grasslands to urban areas across its range.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Narrow-striped Mongoose
The Narrow-striped Mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) is a small carnivorous mammal native to Madagascar. With its slender body, distinctive narrow stripes running along its back, and elongated snout, the Narrow-striped Mongoose is easily recognizable. It inhabits various forest habitats across Madagascar and is known for its elusive nature and solitary behavior.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bread wheat grain yield
Bread wheat is one of the most important cereals for food and feed and also one of the crops most affected by environmental changes. With the increasing frequency of extreme heat events become urgent to acquire a deeper understanding of their effects in wheat grain yield and nutritional parameters, such as protein content. The assessment of these parameters in distinct wheat varieties will enrich breeding programs contributing to assure food security. Comparative analysis of grains from control and treated plants disclosed intervarietal diversity in high temperature response regarding grain number, weight and macro components, such as protein. Moreover, both analyses showed that the intervarietal diversity observed in control conditions was significantly reduced in HT treated plants. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Methods for Monitoring Udder Health and Milk Quality
To maximize milk production, efficiency, and profits, modern dairy cows are genetically selected and bred to produce more and more milk and are fed copious quantities of high-energy feed to support ever-increasing milk volumes. As demands for increased milk yield and milking efficiency continue to rise to provide for the growing world population, more significant stress is placed on the dairy cow’s productive capacity. In this climate, which is becoming increasingly hotter, millions of people depend on the capacity of cattle to respond to new environments and to cope with temperature shocks as well as additional stress factors such as solar radiation, animal crowding, insect pests, and poor ventilation, which are often associated with an increased risk of mastitis, resulting in lower milk quality and reduced production. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Transformation of Rice Crop Technology in Indonesia
Rice is the Indonesian staple food with increasing demand in line with the growth of Indonesia’s population. The contribution of the agricultural sector to value addition and employment creation has generally changed with the development of agricultural innovation. For example, China has made remarkable progress in feeding 22% of the world’s population. Consequently, the agricultural technology transformation process must be phased in to ensure that the rural economic transformation is on track for sustainable food security. Therefore, government and private institutions associated with credit, inputs, and prices directly influence adoption, use, and yield levels. Support for research and extension will be able to guarantees efficient transformation of the rice yield gap. The adoption of these improved technologies by farmers depends on the capacity of national agricultural research centres and extension services, which require additional government resources and training.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Decapods Crustaceans Amylase
Decapod crustaceans are a very diverse group and have evolved to adapt to a broad variety of diets. However, α-amylases have been more thoroughly studies in herbivore and omnivore species, both from an evolutionary/ecological and applied (i.e., aquaculture) point of view, while information on α-amylases from carnivorous species is scarce. Diverse studies revealed that enzyme sequences and overall architecture is highly conserved among decapods. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Gray Seal
The Gray Seal, scientifically known as Halichoerus grypus, is a marine mammal renowned for its distinctive appearance and widespread distribution across the North Atlantic Ocean. Characterized by its robust build, long whiskers, and mottled gray fur, the Gray Seal is a highly adaptable species found inhabiting coastal waters, rocky shores, and sandy beaches from Canada to Europe. As a top predator in marine ecosystems, the Gray Seal plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Forage Nutritive Value
Forage nutritive value is generally analyzed by relating the attributes of nutritive value to plant phenology in order to predict the decline of these attributes with plant age. A more functional analysis is based on the assumption that above ground plant mass (W) is composed of two compartments: (i) the metabolic compartment (Wm) 18 associated with plant growth processes scaling with leaf area and having high N concentration (%N) and digestibility (%D); and (ii) the structural compartment (Ws) associated with the architectural plant development scaling with plant height and thickness and having low %N and %D. If we postulate that Wm is allometrically related to W, the ontogenetic decline of both %N and %D as plant gets bigger and forage mass increases can be explained and described. The theoretical framework developed in this review allows the expression of a mechanistic link between the increase in plant size and the decrease of both forage crude protein concentration and digestibility linking forage production and forage nutritive value dynamics within the same functional approach for a better understanding of genotype-environment-management interactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Seaweeds
Phytosterols, as the name implies, are defined as fatty compounds produced by plants, and remarkably contribute as the major lipid constituent of biological membrane of plant cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Morphogenesis
MicroRNAs represent the most studied subtype of small non-coding RNAs. microRNAs display temporal and spatial differential expression in both embryonic and adult tissues, contributing thus to both embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Long non-coding RNAs also display tissue-specific expression during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis, being their role in pathology also emerging.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wild Boar Hunting Methods
High wild boar population densities lead to demands for a population reduction to avoid crop damages or epidemic diseases. Along with biological studies, a better understanding of the human influence on wildlife and on wildlife management is important. We conducted inquiries on hunting methods and on hunters’ attitudes in the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, to better understand hunting strategies and the influence on increasing wild boar population, as well as to underpin game management concepts. Single hunt, especially at bait, is still the most widely used method for hunting wild boar. The proportion of drive hunts within the hunting bag is increasing. The proportions of hunting methods vary regionally due to wild boar densities, geographical features (vegetation, terrain, etc.) and hunters’ practices. Hunters increased the proportion of conjoint hunts on wild boar. Baiting remains an important hunting method in wild boar management and the proportion of drive hunts should be fostered. Private hunting is important for wild boar management, although it is just insufficient. Additionally, administrative wildlife managers are recommended for the near future as coordinators of wild boar management, and as such, could manage hunting, the incorporation of regional conditions and investigating hunters’ attitudes and abilities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Behavior Monitoring of Crustacean Aquaculture
Automatic behavior monitoring, also called automated analytics or automated reporting, is the ability of an analytics platform to auto-detect relevant insights—anomalies, trends, patterns—and deliver them to users in real time, without users having to manually explore their data to find the answers they need. An analytics platform with automated behavior monitoring uses algorithms to auto-analyze datasets to search for notable changes in data. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Systems and Dairy Animals Improvement
Precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies have been developed with the intention to improve farm management and minimize aversive handling practices. Precision livestock farming systems could serve as useful support tools for the farmer’s decision making and improve the sustainability and competitiveness of dairy farms through the implementation of automated procedures that minimize the labour demand, animal disturbances and environmental impact.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Control Strategies of the Major Soilborne Fungal/Oomycete Diseases
Globally, tomato is the second most cultivated vegetable crop next to potato, preferentially grown in temperate climates. Processing tomatoes are generally produced in field conditions, in which soilborne pathogens have serious impacts on tomato yield and quality by causing diseases of the tomato root system. Major processing tomato-producing countries have documented soilborne diseases caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes, which are of economic importance and may threaten food security. Surveys in the Australian processing tomato industry showed that plant growth and yield were significantly affected by soilborne pathogens, especially Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium species. Globally, different management methods have been used to control diseases such as the use of resistant tomato cultivars, the application of fungicides, and biological control. Among these methods, biocontrol has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency, target-specificity, sustainability and public acceptance. The application of biocontrol is a mix of different strategies, such as applying antagonistic microorganisms to the field, and using the beneficial metabolites synthesized by these microorganisms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Black Soldier Fly Larvae Nutrients Digestibility and Bioavailability
The black soldier fly (BSF) is a distinct member of the Stratiomyidae family within the Diptera order. BSF, primarily thriving in South America, has adapted to a wide range of climates including temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions, with its ideal living conditions being temperatures between 25 °C and 30 °C. Outside of industrial production, they cannot live in northwestern Europe and locations with temperatures below 5 °C due to their inability to withstand the cold. Today, the BSF is estimated to inhabit over 80% of the world, particularly between latitudes 46 N and 42 S. Incredibly prolific in humid tropical areas, the BSF is drawn to regions abundant in decomposing organic materials.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bacteria and Boar Semen Storage
Artificial insemination (AI) is a widely used technique in swine production. Advances in the technique have made it possible to store spermatozoa at temperatures of 15–20 °C for short periods, up to ten days. Unfortunately, it is currently associated with bacterial contamination of semen during collection and dilution. Although the temperature is reduced to induce sperm inactivity during storage, bacterial growth can still occur. Bacterial growth has been associated with deleterious effects on semen quality and shelf life, such as sperm agglutination, decreased sperm motility and viability. In addition, reproductive output after AI can also be affected by bacteriospermia.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Dec 2022
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