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Topic Review
Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontics
 A total of 51 articles were included for evaluation: 27 laboratory studies, 14 reviews, and 10 clinical studies. Laboratory studies show that aPDT achieves significant bacterial elimination, even against antibiotic-resistant species, and is also effective in biofilm disruption. Clinical studies suggest that aPDT can be considered a promising technique to reduce bacterial complications, and reviews about the issue confirm its advantages. Conclusion: The benefits of aPDT in reducing complications due to its antibacterial effects means a possible decrease in systemic antibiotic prescription in endodontics. In addition, it could be an alternative to local intracanal antibiotic therapy, avoiding the appearance of possible antibiotic resistance, as no bacterial resistance with aPDT has been described to date
  • 807
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Thermogenic Adipocytes in Obesity Therapy
There is a rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy, whereas brown and beige adipose tissues consume energy to generate heat in the process of thermogenesis. Adaptive thermogenesis occurs in response to environmental cues as a means of generating heat by dissipating stored chemical energy. Due to its cumulative nature, very small differences in energy expenditure from adaptive thermogenesis can have a significant impact on systemic metabolism over time. Targeting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and converting WAT to beige fat as a method to increase energy expenditure is one of the promising strategies to combat obesity.
  • 805
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polycythaemia Vera
Polycythaemia Vera (PV) is a BCR-ABL1-negative MPN characterized by the clonal proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in an increased production of morphologically normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, although erythrocytosis most often predominates. The disorder is most common in those aged 50–70 years, with an incidence that increases with older age. Patients diagnosed with PV have a shorter survival compared to the age-matched general population, with a median survival of 13.5 years, due to an increased predisposition for thrombosis as well as transformation to myelofibrosis (post-PV myelofibrosis, estimated to occur in 10% of patients with PV) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, estimated to occur in 15% of patients with PV).
  • 804
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
NF-ĸB Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with no effective treatment option. A predominant hallmark of PDAC is the intense fibro-inflammatory stroma which not only physically collapses vasculature but also functionally suppresses anti-tumor immunity. Constitutive and induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factors in neoplastic cells, stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells is a major mechanism that drives inflammation in PDAC. While targeting this pathway is widely supported as a promising therapeutic strategy, clinical success is elusive due to a lack of safe and effective anti-NF-κB pathway therapeutics. 
  • 803
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation mediated by dysregulated immune responses to such factors as diet and microbiota. Fibrosis, which is a healing mechanism, becomes progressive and damaging in the scope of long-lasting IBD, in which persistent tissue damage and healing result in scar tissue formation.
  • 803
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Molecular, pathological mechanisms of ALD principally root in the innate immunity system and are especially associated with enhanced functionality of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB is an interesting and convoluted DNA transcription regulator, promoting both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Thus, the abundancy of studies in recent years underlines the importance of NF-κB in inflammatory responses and the mechanistic stimulation of inner molecular motifs within the factor components. 
  • 800
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults and is almost invariably fatal. Despite our growing understanding of the various mechanisms underlying treatment failure, the standard-of-care therapy has not changed over the last two decades, signifying a great unmet need.
  • 800
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
ONFH in Patients with Hypercoagulability
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating disease with major social and economic impacts. It frequently affects relatively young adults and has a predilection for rapid progression to femoral head collapse and end-stage hip arthritis. If not diagnosed and treated properly in the early stages, ONFH has devastating consequences and leads to mandatory total hip arthroplasty. The pathophysiology of non-traumatic ONFH is very complex and not fully understood. While multiple risk factors have been associated with secondary ONFH, there are still many cases in which a clear etiology cannot be established. Recognition of the prothrombotic state as part of the etiopathogeny of primary ONFH provides an opportunity for early medical intervention, with implications for both prophylaxis and therapy aimed at slowing or stopping the progression of the disease. Hereditary thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis are associated with thrombotic occlusion of bone vessels. Anticoagulant treatment can change the natural course of the disease and improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 800
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Gastric Cancer Progression
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The three entirely variable entities have distinct epidemiology, molecular characteristics, prognosis, and strategies for clinical management. However, many gastric tumors appear to be resistant to current chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 798
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Imaging Techniques for Skin Cancer Pathobiology
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients’ clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evIolution.
  • 793
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thrombosis Models
Occlusions in the blood vessels caused by blood clots, referred to as thrombosis, and the subsequent outcomes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models of thrombosis have advanced the understanding of the complex pathways involved in its development and allowed the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for its management.
  • 793
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Disease Pathogenesis Research: Transgenic Mouse
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans.
  • 791
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Pulmonary Disease
Limited data are available regarding optimal treatment for refractory Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease (MAC-PD).We evaluated outcomes of inhaled amikacin (AMK) with clofazimine (CFZ) regimens as an add-on salvage therapy for refractory MAC-PD. We retrospectively analyzed 52 patients with refractory MAC-PD, characterized by persistently positive sputum cultures despite >6 months of treatment. Thirty-five (67%) patients had M. intracellulare-PD, and 17 (33%) patients had M. avium-PD. Twenty-seven (52%) patients received the salvage therapy for 12 months, whereas 25 (48%) patients were treated for <12 months due to adverse e ects or other reasons. Seventeen (33%) patients had culture conversion: 10 (10/27) in the 12-month treatment group and seven (7/25) in the <12-month treatment group (p = 0.488). Microbiological cure, defined as maintenance of culture negativity, was achieved in 12 (23%) patients; six (6/12) with accompanying symptomatic improvement were considered to have reached cure. Clinical cure, defined as symptomatic improvement with <3 consecutive negative cultures, was achieved in three (6%) patients. Overall, 15 (29%) patients achieved favorable outcomes, including microbiological cure, cure, and clinical cure. Inhaled AMK with CFZ may provide favorable outcomes in some patients with refractory MAC-PD. However, given the adverse e ects, more e ective strategies are needed to maintain these therapeutic regimens.
  • 789
  • 15 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Factors Foster Resilience to HIV/AIDS
Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) have been disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS health disparities. Research showed that resilience to HIV/AIDS is associated with increased use of relevant health services, lower sexual health risks, and improved mental health outcomes among racially and ethnically diverse gbMSM. As the subpopulation that has historically been impacted by HIV/AIDS the longest, older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS have inarguably exhibited resilience to HIV/AIDS the most. The qualitative study described in this paper sought to identify and examine protective factors that fostered resilience to HIV/AIDS based on the insights and lived experiences of racially and ethnically diverse, older gbMSM. Applying a community-based participatory research approach that included the meaningful involvement of older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS in different roles (i.e., advisory committee member, collaborator, peer researcher, and participant), the study recruited and included forty-one older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS from Ontario, Canada, in confidential, semi-structured interviews. Utilizing thematic analysis, we identified three major themes from the participant interviews as factors that fostered the resilience of older gbMSM to HIV/AIDS and helped to address HIV/AIDS health disparities: (1) established protective factors, (2) behavioral protective factors, and (3) controversial protective factors. This paper argues for the importance of valuing and capitalizing on these protective factors in the conceptualization and development of interventions, services, and programs that are dedicated to fostering resilience to HIV/AIDS. 
  • 789
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Periostin Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
The involvement of periostin (POSTN) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) migration, invasion, and its underlying mechanisms has not been well established. POSTN mRNA expression in the dissected lung cancer cells was confirmed by laser capture microdissection and real-time PCR. A549 cells were used for transfecting shRNA-POSTN lentiviral particles. Wound healing and Transwell invasion assays were used to assess the migratory and invasive abilities of A549 cells transfected with POSTN-specific short hairpin (sh)RNA.
  • 786
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PITX2-Dependent Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms
The paired-related homeobox gene (PITX2) has been considered to be a potential gene that may trigger AF risk variants on chromosome 4q25and two SNPs (rs2200733 and rs10033464) in chromosome 4q25 were reported. Although various advanced technologies have been developed, their effectiveness is limited and existing treatment regimens are rarely curative.
  • 784
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Tumor Heterogeneity in Sézary Syndrome
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive variant of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes—the SS cells—mainly in blood, lymph nodes, and skin. The tumor spread pattern of SS makes this lymphoma a unique model of disease that allows a concurrent blood and skin sampling for analysis.
  • 784
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Diet and Psoriasis
Dietary nutrients can activate the immune system and may lead to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 
  • 783
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
5-HT2B Receptor in Fibrosing ILD
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of more than 200 conditions, of which primarily idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, ILD associated with autoimmune diseases and sarcoidosis may present a progressive fibrosing (PF) phenotype. Despite different aetiology and histopathological patterns, the PF-ILDs have similarities regarding disease mechanisms with self-sustaining fibrosis, which suggests that the diseases may share common pathogenetic pathways. Previous studies show an enhanced activation of serotonergic signaling in pulmonary fibrosis, and the serotonin (5-HT)2 receptors have been implicated to have important roles in observed profibrotic actions.
  • 782
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency on Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency.
  • 781
  • 14 Mar 2024
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