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Topic Review
Na+ Uptake and Accumulation under Salt Stress
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42−) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Essential Oils
Essential oils (EOs) have been widely exploited for their biological properties (mainly as antimicrobials) in the food industry. Encapsulation of EOs has opened the way to the utilization of EOs in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Electrospinning (ES) has proved a convenient and versatile method for the encapsulation of EOs into multifunctional nanofibers.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Taccalonolides
Taccalonolides are a new class of microtube-stabilizing agents isolated from plants of the genus Tacca demonstrating effectiveness against drug-resistant tumors in cellular and animal models.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Woody Plant Growth and Development under Elevated CO2
Climate change is mainly driven by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere in the last century. Plant growth is constantly challenged by environmental fluctuations including heat waves, severe drought and salinity, along with ozone accumulation in the atmosphere. The effects of the predicted environment scenario of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) and more severe abiotic stresses have been scarcely investigated in woody plants, and an integrated view involving physiological, biochemical and molecular data is missing.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
SUMO System in Plants
Due to their sessile nature, plants are constantly subjected to various environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and pathogen infections. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), like SUMOylation, play a vital role in the regulation of plant responses to their environment. The process of SUMOylation typically involves an enzymatic cascade containing the activation, (E1), conjugation (E2), and ligation (E3) of SUMO to a target protein. Additionally, it also requires a class of SUMO proteases that generate mature SUMO from its precursor and cleave it off the target protein, a process termed deSUMOylation. It is now clear that SUMOylation in plants is key to a plethora of adaptive responses. How this is achieved with an extremely limited set of machinery components is still unclear. One possibility is that novel SUMO components are yet to be discovered. However, current knowledge indicates that only a small set of enzymes seem to be responsible for the modification of a large number of SUMO substrates. It is yet unknown where the specificity lies within the SUMO system. Although this seems to be a crucial question in the field of SUMOylation studies, not much is known about the factors that provide specificity. In this review, we highlight the role of the localisation of SUMO components as an important factor that can play a vital role in contributing to the specificity within the process. This will introduce a new facet to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such a dynamic process.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Protein Complexes in Plants
The study of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) is fundamental in understanding the unique role of proteins within cells and their contribution to complex biological systems. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and proximity labeling coupled to mass spectrometry (PL-MS) are two powerful techniques that have significantly enhanced our understanding of PPIs. Relying on the specific binding properties of a protein to an immobilized ligand, AP is a fast, sensitive and targeted approach used to detect interactions between bait (protein of interest) and prey (interacting partners) under near-physiological conditions. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plants
Inflammation is a natural protective response of the human body to a variety of hostile agents and noxious stimuli. Standard anti-inflammatory therapy includes drugs whose usage is associated with a number of side effects. Since ancient times, natural compounds have been used for the treatment of inflammation. Traditionally, the use of medicinal plants is considered safe, inexpensive, and widely acceptable. In Serbia, traditional medicine, based on the strong belief in the power of medicinal herbs, is the widespread form of treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
N2O Formation in Rice Plants
Rice plants in paddy emit a substantial amount of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Field-based studies that report N2O fluxes from the paddy consider that the N2O emitted by rice plant is of microbial origin in the soil. Recent studies on other plants suggest that vegetation are also a natural source of N2O. However, the mechanisms of N2O formation in plants are unknown; consequently, the rice plant is regarded as a channel to transport soil micro-organisms produced N2O. The hypothesis that rice plants are a medium to transport soil produced N2O is based on flux measurement methods. However, more robust methods like 15N isotope analysis methods consider plants are a natural source of N2O. This led us to search for the possible pathway of N2O formation in rice plants cells.  Herein, we have proposed a potential pathway of N2O formation in rice plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Greek Tulips
From an ornamental viewpoint, tulips are famous clonally propagated crops. This research focuses on 15 wild-growing Greek tulip species including 11 range-restricted species, i.e., six Greek endemics and five Balkan or Aegean endemics and subendemics, among which seven are currently threatened with extinction (two Critically Endangered, three Endangered and two Vulnerable). The results of this study on the Greek tulips showed that there are both well-established value chains and gaps in the market regarding the “botanical tulips” of Greece.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cell Suspension of Eysenhardtia platycarpa
Eysenhardtia platycarpa (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Mexico. Biotechnological studies of its use are lacking. The objective of this work was to establish a cell suspension culture (CSC) of E. platycarpa, determine the phytochemical constituents by spectrophotometric and gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) methods, evaluate its antifungal activity, and compare them with the intact plant. Friable callus and CSC were established with 2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid plus 0.1 mg/L kinetin. The highest total phenolics of CSC was 15.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and the total flavonoids content ranged from 56.2 to 104.1 µg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight. The GC‒MS analysis showed that the dichloromethane extracts of CSC, sapwood, and heartwood have a high amount of hexadecanoic acid (22.3–35.3%) and steroids (13.5–14.7%). Heartwood and sapwood defatted hexane extracts have the highest amount of stigmasterol (~23.4%) and β-sitosterol (~43%), and leaf extracts presented β-amyrin (16.3%). Methanolic leaf extracts showed mostly sugars and some polyols, mainly D-pinitol (74.3%). Compared with the intact plant, dichloromethane and fatty hexane extracts of CSC exhibited percentages of inhibition higher for Sclerotium cepivorum: 71.5% and 62.0%, respectively. The maximum inhibition for Rhizoctonia solani was with fatty hexane extracts of the sapwood (51.4%). Our study suggests that CSC extracts could be used as a possible complementary alternative to synthetic fungicides.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Green Revolution Gene SD1
The green revolution gene sd1 in rice has been used for decades, but was not identified for a long time. The SD1 gene encodes the rice Gibberellin 20 oxidase-2 (GA20ox2). As such, the SD1 gene is instrumental in uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying gibberellin biosynthesis There are ten different alleles of SD1.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Corema album Berries
Corema album (L.) D. Don is a dioecious perennial shrub of the Ericaceae family, endemic of the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coastal dunes. It is a branched bush, that can reach up to 1 m, with a spherical (5–8 mm diameter) and white acidic edible berries (Portuguese white crowberries, Atlantic pearls, beachberries or “camarinhas” in Portuguese). 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Metal Homeostasis in Plants
Heavy metal stress (HMS) is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses which seriously affects the growth and development of plants. In general, three core signals are involved in plants’ responses to HMS; these are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), calcium, and hormonal (abscisic acid) signals. In addition to these signal components, other regulatory factors, such as microRNAs and membrane proteins, also play an important role in regulating HMS responses in plants. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Trichoderma spp. and Cocoa Seed
Isolates of Trichoderma spp., a soil fungus, has been used to control diseases and promote plant growth, reducing the use of chemicals in the production of seedlings of different plant species. We evaluated the effect of some Trichoderma spp. isolates on seed treatment and seedling production of Theobroma cacao. Five isolates from the Amazon region were tested. In laboratory, the following variables were evaluated for seed treatments: germination, germination speed index, radicle and hypocotyl lengths, and fungi incidence. In nursery, the following forms of application were tested: via seeds; in the substrate at pre-planting; monthly in post-planting substrate, and also their combination. The following was evaluated: height, diameter, number of leaves, root length, leaf area, and shoot dry mass and root system. Inoculation with Trichoderma increased the length of the radicle and hypocotyl and showed no fungi in the seeds. In seedlings, some treatments increased height and plant root dry mass. The use of Trichoderma was beneficial for seeds and appeared favorable for T. cacao production.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Architecture of Anthracnose Resistance in Maize
Maize (Zea mays), also called corn, is one of the top three staple food crops worldwide and is also utilized as feed (e.g., feed grain and silage) and a source of biofuel (e.g., bioethanol). Maize production is hampered by a myriad of factors, including although not limited to fungal diseases, which reduce grain yield and downgrade kernel quality. One such disease is anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot (ALB and ASR) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. The pathogen deploys a biphasic infection strategy to colonize susceptible maize genotypes, comprising latent (symptomless) biotrophic and destructive (symptomatic) necrotrophic phases. However, the resistant maize genotypes restrict the C. graminicola infection and in planta fungal proliferation during the biotrophic phase of the infection. Some studies on the inheritance of ASR resistance in the populations derived from biparental resistant and susceptible genotypes reveal that anthracnose is likely a gene-for-gene disease in which the resistant maize genotypes and C. graminicola recognize each other by their matching pairs of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins (whose coding genes are localized in disease QTL) and effectors (1–2 effectors/NLR) during the biotrophic phase of infection. The Z. mays genome encodes approximately 144 NLRs, two of which, RCg1 and RCg1b, located on chromosome 4, were cloned and functionally validated for their role in ASR resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chloroplasts
The chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genome. The expression of chloroplast genes depends on both chloroplasts and the nucleus. In chloroplast, NAC102 associates with the chloroplast genome, interacts with chloroplast RNA polymerases, and regulates chloroplast gene expression.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Transport of Nanoparticles into Plants
The transport of matter into plants, also known as plant uptake, is a crucial process for the growth and development of plants. Plants require various essential nutrients, water, and gases for their survival and growth. The transport in plants extends beyond water, nutrients, and gases, encompassing the movement of various particles or nanoparticles, as well as other exogenous materials. This includes genetic material such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Nanoparticles can be transported into plants for several reasons, often as a result of environmental exposure or as a part of research and development efforts. The transport of nanoparticles into plants can have various implications, both beneficial and potentially concerning, depending on the type of nanoparticles and the intended purpose. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lithuanian Forest Tree Successional Categorisation
Developing forest harvesting regimes that mimic natural forest dynamics requires knowledge on typical species behaviors and how they respond to environmental conditions. Species regeneration and survival after disturbance depends on a species’ life history traits. The four types of ecologically invariant life-history trajectories of species turnover are a core component to evaluate if the development of the forest community is progressing towards the restoration of the climatic climax.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Singlet Oxygen in Plants
In a recent review published in Int. J. Mol. Sci. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093237), we summarize the current understanding of the sites and mechanisms of production of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the plant body, and of emerging physiological roles of 1O2 production in plants. We consider well-characterized mechanisms of 1O2 generation in chloroplast grana cores and novel data on 1O2 formation at grana margins. We discuss signal functions of 1O2 in acclimation to excess light, in chloroplast quality control and in the initiation of programmed cell death (PCD), as well as the less clear roles of stress-related 1O2 production in roots. We argue that infiltration of 1O2-specific membrane-impermeable fluorescent probes in the apoplast provides a useful comparative approach to estimate levels of 1O2 formation in chloroplasts. We present a preliminary overview of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to 1O2-triggered PCD in plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Markers in Marker-Assisted Selection in Bread Wheat
As one of the essential cereal crops, wheat provides 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humans. Due to population expansion, dietary shift and climate change, it is challenging for wheat breeders to develop new varieties for meeting wheat production requirements. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has distinct advantages over conventional selection in plant breeding, such as being time-saving, cost-effective and goal-oriented. Here gives a description of different molecular markers: sequence tagged site (STS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), genotyping by sequencing (GBS), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, exome capture, Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) and genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS).
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2023
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