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Topic Review
EGFR-TKI-Associated Lung Injury
Non-small-cell lung cancer patients who responded to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and obtained survival benefits had somatic EGFR mutations. EGFR-TKI-related adverse events (AEs) are usually tolerable and manageable, although serious AEs, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), occur infrequently. The etiopathogenesis of EGFR-TKI-induced ILD remains unknown. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between EGFR-TKIs and ILD. We discussed the relevance of cytotoxic agents or immunotherapeutic agents in combination with EGFR-TKIs as a potential mechanism of EGFR-TKI-related lung injury and reviewed recent developments in diagnostics and therapeutics that facilitate recovery from ILD.
  • 872
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Local Oscillatory Brain Dynamics
A number of studies have focused on brain dynamics underlying mind wandering (MW) states in healthy people. However, there is limited understanding of how the oscillatory dynamics accompanying MW states and task-focused states are characterized in clinical populations.
  • 871
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency on Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency.
  • 870
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 and the Gastrointestinal Tract
In patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities, a careful monitoring of baseline pathologies and drug-related toxicities and interactions must be closely surveilled, given that the exact expected prognostic significance of the intersectionality of COVID-19 disease and different gastrointestinal pathologies remains to be fully understood.
  • 869
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
α Cell in Diabetes Pathogenesis
The involvement of impaired alpha (α) cell function has been recognized as playing an essential role in several diseases, since hyperglucagonemia has been evidenced in both Type 1 and T2DM. This phenomenon has been attributed to intra-islet defects, like modifications in pancreatic α cell mass or dysfunction in glucagon’s secretion. Emerging evidence has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia provokes changes in the Langerhans’ islets cytoarchitecture, including α cell hyperplasia, pancreatic beta (β) cell dedifferentiation into glucagon-positive producing cells, and loss of paracrine and endocrine regulation due to β cell mass loss. Other abnormalities like α cell insulin resistance, sensor machinery dysfunction, or paradoxical ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) opening have also been linked to glucagon hypersecretion. 
  • 867
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells. The incidence is estimated at five cases per 100,000 people per year. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) account for 10–15% of all STS, and their management depends on their anatomical characteristics and histotype. Due to their very low incidence, it is recommended that RPS be treated in reference centers and evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team (MDT). In Spain, the Spanish Group for Research in Sarcomas (GEIS) brings together experts from various specialties to promote research on sarcomas and improve treatment results.
  • 865
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) has a prevalence of 0.16–0.34% and an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000 person-years, accounting for 1–2% of all deaths in Western countries. No effective pharmacological therapies have been identified to slow TAA development and prevent TAA rupture. Large TAAs are treated with open surgical repair and less invasive thoracic endovascular aortic repair, both of which have high perioperative mortality risk. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TAA development and rupture to develop new therapies.
  • 865
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Climate Changes and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe
Ticks, which belong to the phyllum Arthropoda, are blood-skin ectoparasitic vectors, characterized by the variety of pathogens they transmit, by their effect on both human and animal health, and by their worldwide socioeconomic involvement. Climate change has influenced the transmission of a wide range of vector-born diseases in Europe, which is a pressing public health change for the coming decades. Numerous theories have been developed in order to explain how tick-borne diseases are associated with cliamte change. These theories include higher poliferation rates, extended transmission  season, changes in ecological balances, and climate-related migration of vectors, reservoir hosts, or human populations.Changes of epidemiological pattern have potentially catastrophic consequences, resulting in increasing prevalence of tick-born diseases.
  • 862
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Application of Proteomics in Optic Nerve Injury Diseases
Optic nerve damage is a common cause of blindness. Optic nerve injury is often accompanied by fundus vascular disease, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, and changes in retinal thickness. These changes can cause alterations in protein expression within neurons in the retina. Proteomics analysis offers conclusive evidence to decode a biological system. Optic nerve damage can significantly reduce the vision of patients, thereby having a serious impact on their daily lives and their families. In clinical practice, optic nerve injury is mainly diagnosed by optical tomography (OCT) detection and by fundus angiography. 
  • 862
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Domain Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament’s (ACL) mechanics is an important factor governing the ligament’s integrity and, hence, the knee joint’s response. Despite many investigations in this area, the cause and effect of injuries remain unclear or unknown. This may be due to the complexity of the direct link between macro- and micro-scale damage mechanisms. In the first part of this investigation, a three-dimensional coarse-grained model of collagen fibril (type I) was developed using a bottom-up approach to investigate deformation mechanisms under tensile testing. 
  • 860
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation-Associated Metabolic Remodeling during CVB3-Induced Myocarditis
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a well-studied virus that has been identified as a causal agent of myocarditis in various models, along with other viruses such as adenovirus, parvovirus B19, and SARS-CoV-2.
  • 860
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle in vivo Application
This is an entry on the in vivo therapeutic applications of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived Extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). The immunomodulatory and regenarative properties of this cell free product will be analyzed in preclinical aniomal models of immune-mediated diseases (graft versus host disease) and orga injury (lung, kidney, skin)
  • 858
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Impairment of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and its prevalence is increasing. Very few drugs effectively reduce AD symptoms and thus, a better understanding of its pathophysiology is vital to design new effective schemes. Presymptomatic neuronal damage caused by the accumulation of Amyloid β peptide and Tau protein abnormalities remains a challenge, despite recent efforts in drug development. Importantly, therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and diagnostic techniques have emerged to detect and treat AD. Of note, the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) and peripheral inflammation in AD are becoming more evident, being harmful factors that contribute to the development of the disease. Perspectives from different pre-clinical and clinical studies link peripheral inflammation with the onset and progression of AD.
  • 852
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DNA-Modifying Enzymes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders with maturation and differentiation defects, exhibiting morphological dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages, and are characterized by increased risk for progression into acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Among their multifactorial pathogenesis, age-related epigenetic instability and the error-rate DNA methylation maintenance have been recognized as critical factors for both, the initial steps of their pathogenesis and disease progression. DNA-modifying enzymes, commonly mutated in MDS, play a crucial role in this epigenetic drift.
  • 852
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. 
  • 852
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Molecular, pathological mechanisms of ALD principally root in the innate immunity system and are especially associated with enhanced functionality of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB is an interesting and convoluted DNA transcription regulator, promoting both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Thus, the abundancy of studies in recent years underlines the importance of NF-κB in inflammatory responses and the mechanistic stimulation of inner molecular motifs within the factor components. 
  • 848
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Pathotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae
Currently available genomic information is useful for molecular identification of pathological types.
  • 847
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Physical Inactivity and Kidney Transplantation
Among the many modifiable factors that can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant (KT) recipients, physical inactivity is often neglected. This attitude is certainly questionable since a sedentary lifestyle has been widely recognized as a “silent killer” and a major health issue in the general population, particularly in more economically developed countries. It is now well-known that physical inactivity is independently associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis, and breast and colonic cancer.
  • 846
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Imprinted Genes and Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that arises from interplay between non-genetic and genetic risk factors. The epigenetics - the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the primary DNA sequence or genotype - functions as a link between these factors, affecting gene expression in response to external influence. Among others, the epigenetic mechanisms underlie the establishment of parent-of-origin effects that appear as phenotypic differences depending on whether the allele was inherited from the mother or father. The most well described manifestation of parent-of-origin effects is genomic imprinting that causes monoallelic gene expression. It becomes more obvious that disturbances in imprinted genes affecting their expression do occur in MS and may be involved in its pathogenesis. 
  • 844
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathological Changes in the Brains of Suicide Killers
Homicide combined with subsequent suicide of the perpetrator is a particular form of interpersonal violence and, at the same time, a manifestation of extreme aggression directed against oneself. Despite the relatively well-described individual acts of homicide and suicide, both in terms of psychopathology and law, acts of homicide and subsequent suicide committed by the same person are not well-studied phenomena. The importance of emotional factors, including the influence of mental state deviations (psychopathology), on this phenomenon, is discussed in the literature, but still there is relatively little data with which to attempt neuropathological assessments of the brains of suicide killers.
  • 844
  • 17 Nov 2021
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