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Topic Review
Links between Oral Pathogens and Systemic Diseases
The oral cavity is the gateway for microorganisms into your body where they disseminate not only to the directly connected respiratory and digestive tracts but also to the many remote organs. Oral microbiota, travelling to the end of the intestine and circulating in our bodies through blood vessels, not only affect a gut microbiome profile but also lead to many systemic diseases. 
  • 569
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Invasive Mucormycosis in Patients with Hematological Malignancies
The incidence rate of invasive mucormycosis (IM) in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) is increasing year by year, ranging from 0.07% to 4.29%, and the mortality rate is mostly higher than 50%. With the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) also became a global health threat.
  • 568
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Sinonasal Orbital Apex Syndrome
Rhinosinusitis (RS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses with a clinical picture of anterior or posterior nasal discharge, congestion, olfactory dysfunction, and facial pain or pressure. It must be confirmed with endoscopic or radiological signs of inflammation. By its duration, it is classified into acute (i.e., duration <4 weeks), subacute (4–12 weeks), and chronic RS (>12 weeks). Moreover, RS can be named according to the inflamed paranasal sinus, e.g., sphenoiditis in sphenoid sinus inflammation. RS significantly affects the patient’s quality of life due to the significant impact on personal development, sleep hygiene, mental health, physical condition, self-perception, and family relationships.
  • 561
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Interrelationship between COVID-19 and Coagulopathy
Since the first description of COVID-19 infection, among clinical manifestations of the disease, including fever, dyspnea, cough, and fatigue, it was observed a high incidence of thromboembolic events potentially evolving towards acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19-associated-coagulopathy (CAC). The hypercoagulation state is based on an interaction between thrombosis and inflammation. The so-called CAC represents a key aspect in the genesis of organ damage from SARS-CoV-2. The prothrombotic status of COVID-19 can be explained by the increase in coagulation levels of D-dimer, lymphocytes, fibrinogen, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and prothrombin time. Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain this hypercoagulable process such as inflammatory cytokine storm, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and stasis for a long time. 
  • 560
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines
A few centuries ago, the first vaccine vial was formulated, and since then, they have resulted in an eminent reduction in infectious diseases associated morbidity and mortality. The discovery of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease and its steady progression to a global pandemic with 603,711,760 confirmed cases and 6,484,136 reported deaths according to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 7 September 2022 was exceedingly catastrophic.
  • 559
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen involved in community- and hospital-acquired infections. Its biofilm formation ability predisposes it to device-related infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are associated with more serious infections and higher mortality rates and are more complex in terms of antibiotic resistance.
  • 558
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Parasitic Infections of Central Nervous System
The shifting landscape of parasitic infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is challenging the established paradigms in Europe. While traditionally confined to low- and middle-income countries, these infections are now encroaching upon non-endemic regions, propelled with escalating international travel, immunosuppression trends, and climatic variations.
  • 551
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Latin American Emergency Departments
Antibiotic stewardship (AS) programs have become a priority for health authorities to reduce the number of infections by super-resistant microorganisms. The need for these initiatives to minimize the inadequate use of antimicrobials is essential, and the election of the antibiotic in the emergency department usually impacts the choice of treatment if the patients need hospital admission, becoming an opportunity for antibiotic stewardship. In the pediatric population, broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to be overprescribed without any evidence-based management, and most of the publications have focused on the prescription of antibiotics in ambulatory settings.
  • 549
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bone and Vertebral Infections by Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium which can be found in soil or water. Infection with the microorganism can occur after ingestion of contaminated food products. Small and large outbreaks of listeriosis have been described in the past. L. monocytogenes can cause a number of different clinical syndromes, most frequently sepsis, meningitis, and rhombencephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. L. monocytogenes systemic infections can develop following tissue penetration across the gastrointestinal tract or to hematogenous spread to sterile sites, possibly evolving towards bacteremia. L. monocytogenes only rarely causes bone or joint infections, usually in the context of prosthetic material that can provide a site for bacterial seeding.
  • 548
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
Appropriate surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is an important measure in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs). Although antimicrobial pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics (PKPD) is integral to optimizing antibiotic dosing for the treatment of infections, there is less research on preventing infections postsurgery. Whereas clinical studies of SAP dose, preincision timing, and redosing are informative, it is difficult to isolate their effect on SSI outcomes. Antimicrobial PKPD aims to explain the complex relationship between antibiotic exposure during surgery and the subsequent development of SSI. It accounts for the many factors that influence the PKs and antibiotic concentrations in patients and considers the susceptibilities of bacteria most likely to contaminate the surgical site. 
  • 547
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Precision Vaccinology Approaches for Adjuvanted Vaccines
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. 
  • 543
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sodium Toxicity and Immune Response in COVID-19
High dietary sodium intake leading to sodium toxicity is associated with comorbid conditions of COVID-19 such as hypertension, kidney disease, stroke, pneumonia, obesity, diabetes, hepatic disease, cardiac arrhythmias, thrombosis, migraine, tinnitus, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
  • 541
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance
The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, presents a current public health challenge. Over the years, the pathogen has developed resistance to different antibiotics, leaving few effective treatment options. High-level resistance to key drugs, including ceftriaxone, has become a concerning reality.
  • 540
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
T-Cell Leukemia Vvirus-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
Slowly progressive spastic paraparesis with bladder dysfunction, the main clinical feature of human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), is induced by chronic inflammation in the spinal cord, mainly the lower thoracic cord. A long-standing bystander mechanism, such as the destruction of surrounding tissues by inflammatory cytokines, etc., induced under the interaction between infiltrated HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and HTLV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, has been considered implicated for the induction of chronic inflammation. As this bystander mechanism is triggered conceivably by the transmigration of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells to the spinal cord, heightened transmigrating activity of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells to the spinal cord might play a crucial role as the first responder in the development of HAM/TSP.
  • 539
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Opportunities and Challenges in Anti-Acanthamoeba Drug Discovery
The unicellular eukaryotic Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitous free-living protists and can survive in various environments, such as water, soil and air. Although major strides have been made in developing and testing various anti-acanthamoebic drugs, recurrent infections, inadequate treatment outcomes, health complications, and side effects associated with the use of currently available drugs necessitate the development of more effective and safe therapeutic regimens. For any new anti-acanthamoebic drugs to be more effective, they must have either superior potency and safety or at least comparable potency and an improved safety profile compared to the existing drugs. 
  • 529
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19, HLH and Pregnant/Postpartum Women
The term ‘cytokine storm’ (CS) applies to a pathological autoimmune reaction when the interactions that lead to cytokine production are destabilised and may even lead to death. CS may be induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. It is noteworthy that many of the criteria used to diagnose haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are described as COVID-19 mortality predictors. Cytokine storms are considered to be an important cause of death in patients with the severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to the fact that pregnant women are in an immunosuppressive state, viral pulmonary infections are more perilous for them—possible risks include miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction or birth before the term; sometimes ventilation support is needed. HLH should be considered in pregnant and puerperal women suffering from moderately severe to severe COVID-19 and presenting with: fever unresponsive to antibiotic therapy, cytopenia, hepatitis and hyperferritinaemia.
  • 527
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19
Active vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3—calcitriol] is a secosteroid hormone whose receptor is expressed on all cells of the immune system. Vitamin D has a global anti-inflammatory effect and its role in the management of a SARS-CoV-2 infection has been investigated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 525
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Updates in Culture-Negative Endocarditis
Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (BCNE) is a challenging condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • 524
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ambulatory Antibiotic Management of Acute Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a relatively common community-acquired infection, particularly in women. The early appropriate antibiotic treatment of this potentially life-threatening infection is associated with improved outcomes. The utilization of clinical tools for the prediction of resistance to first-line antibiotics may mitigate the burden of increasing antibiotic resistance in the community by ensuring that the initial antibiotic prescribed has the highest likelihood of treating APN appropriately. 
  • 523
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Framework for Diagnosis of Sepsis
Although the diagnosis of sepsis requires the identification of the three components of infection, a systemic inflammation response, and organ dysfunction, there is currently no consensus on gold-standard criteria. There are however suggested tools and tests, which have been proposed in international guidelines, including those produced by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Biomarkers play an important role in these tools and tests, and numerous heterogeneous studies have been performed to evaluate their respective clinical utility.
  • 516
  • 19 Feb 2024
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