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Topic Review
Atomic-Scale Nano-Ionic Memristor Microwave Switches
Nanomaterials science is becoming the foundation stone of high-frequency applications. The downscaling of electronic devices and components allows shrinking chip’s dimensions at a more-than-Moore rate. Many theoretical limits and manufacturing constraints are yet to be taken into account. A promising path towards nanoelectronics is represented by atomic-scale materials. In this entry, we offer a perspective on a specific class of devices, namely switches designed and fabricated using two-dimensional or nanoscale materials, like graphene, molybdenum disulphide, hexagonal boron nitride and ultra-thin oxides for high-frequency applications.
  • 988
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Supercapacitors with Triboelectric Nanogenerators
The ever-growing interest in wearable electronic devices has unleashed a strong demand for sustainable and flexible power sources that are represented by the combination of flexible energy harvesting with storage devices/technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), which harvest mechanical energy and charge their matching supercapacitors (SCs), may form a distributed power system with flexibility to tap their potential applications in powering wearable electronic devices.
  • 988
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Acetaldehyde Detection Using Chemiresistive-Based Gas Sensors
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the most abundant air pollutants. Their high concentrations can adversely affect the human body, and therefore, early detection of VOCs is of outmost importance.
  • 988
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials Based on Halloysite Clay Mineral
Bacterial infections represent one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Over the years, several nanomaterials with antibacterial properties have been developed. In this context, clay minerals, because of their intrinsic properties, have been efficiently used as antimicrobial agents since ancient times. Halloysite nanotubes are one of the emerging nanomaterials that have found application as antimicrobial agents in several fields. 
  • 987
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Platform for Advancing Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, public health, healthcare systems, and the world economy. Vaccination emerged as the most effective strategy to combat this infectious disease. For vaccination strategies, any conventional vaccine approach using attenuated live or inactivated/engineered virus, as well as other approaches, typically requires years of research and assessment. However, the urgency of the situation promoted a faster and more effective approach to vaccine development against COVID-19. The role of nanotechnology in designing, manufacturing, boosting, and delivering vaccines to the host to counter this virus was unquestionably valued and assessed.
  • 985
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Representative Applications of Conjugated Nanomedicine
Chemotherapy is one of the standard methods for the clinical treatment of malignant tumors. Due to the heterogeneity of tumors and the complexity of their pathological mechanisms, a single chemotherapeutic drug is usually unable to eradicate cancer cells. It may also encounter some problems, such as toxic side effects induced by high doses of drugs and obtaining multidrug resistance (MDR) after repeated treatment. These problems then increase the likelihood of cancer metastasis or recurrence. The emergence of the combination of multiple antineoplastic drugs makes up for the deficiency of single drug application. Accordingly, the overall treatment benefit of the multidrug combination is usually higher than that of single drug administration by virtue of different therapeutic mechanisms. More importantly, the drug dose used during synergistic therapy usually decreases and the unfavorable side effects could be weakened under the premise of the same or better therapeutic efficacy. Thereinto, conjugated nanomedicine, as an important type of nanomedicine, can not only possess the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics with great precision but also achieve controlled drug release to avoid adverse effects. Meanwhile, conjugated nanomedicine provides the platform for combining several different therapeutic approaches (chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, thermodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, etc.) with the purpose of achieving synergistic effects during cancer treatment.
  • 983
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Perovskite Catalysts in Zinc-Air Batteries
The Zinc-air battery (ZAB) has become a hot research topic due to its high energy densities. As an important category of catalysts for ZAB, perovskites have attracted extensive interests because of their environmentally friendly properties, cheapness, and excellent electrocatalytic performances.
  • 981
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Harmful Microalgae Detection
There has been a steady stream of information on the methods and techniques available for detecting harmful algae species. The conventional approaches to identify harmful algal bloom (HAB), such as microscopy and molecular biological methods are mainly laboratory-based and require long assay times, skilled manpower, and pre-enrichment of samples involving various pre-experimental preparations. As an alternative, biosensors with a simple and rapid detection strategy could be an improvement over conventional methods for the detection of toxic algae species. Moreover, recent biosensors that involve the use of nanomaterials to detect HAB are showing further enhanced detection limits with a broader linear range. The improvement is attributed to nanomaterials’ high surface area to volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility with biomolecules, and being capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal. 
  • 980
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Oxide Nanoparticle
Magnetic oxide nanoparticles are novel building blocks and vehicle for wastewater detoxification; their stable nature makes them preferable to their metallic counterparts. The inherent properties of magnetic oxide nanoparticles such as facile preparation, ease of recovery and functionalization, reusability, promotes their biocompatibility and adaptation in wastewater treatment. 
  • 978
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MOFs Derivative One-Dimensional Nanofibers
MOFs are synthesized by the incorporation of both inorganic and organic units through template-guided assembly (e.g., mesh synthesis). The design flexibility of MOF in terms of highly variable geometry and functionality based on the choices of incorporated constituents has attracted increasing attentions from researchers in catalysis, energy, and electronics. The main advantage of MOFs in comparison with conventional porous materials is the achievement of specific structure and tunable porosity at the molecular level by adjusting both metal species and organic ligands. For instance, the typical porosity of MOFs is higher than 50% of the total solid volume while the surface area of MOFs generally ranges from 1000 to 10,000 m2 g−1, both superior to those found in conventional porous materials such as carbons and molecular sieve. 
  • 977
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition's Mechanisms and Characteristics
Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, and potassium) are promising as anodes in emerging rechargeable batteries, ascribed to their high capacity or abundance. They are currently inhibited from public use by issues with interfacial reactivity, volume change, and dendrite growth. Surface coatings are among the most promising of techniques to address all of these issues. Atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) enable a variety of inorganic, organic, and even inorganic-organic hybrid materials, featuring accurate nanoscale controllability, low process temperature, and extremely uniform and conformal coverage. Coatings applied to alkali metals via ALD and MLD may offer some of the most scalable, tailorable, and effective surface coatings for safe and stable rechargeable anodes.
  • 973
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sulfide-Based Photocatalysts Using Visible Light
Sulfides are frequently used as photocatalysts, since they absorb visible light better than many oxides. They have the disadvantage of being more easily photocorroded. This occurs mostly in oxidizing conditions; therefore, they are commonly used instead in reduction processes, such as CO2 reduction to fuels or H2 production.
  • 970
  • 08 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan Nanocomposite Coatings
Functional nanocomposites with biopolymers and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is an emerging application of photocatalysis in antifouling coatings. The reduced chemical stability of ZnO photocatalyst in the acidic media in which chitosan is soluble affects the performance of chitosan nanocomposites in antifouling applications. In this study, a thin shell of amorphous tin oxide (SnOx) was grown on the surface of ZnO to form ZnO–SnOx core–shell nanoparticles that improved the chemical stability of the photocatalyst, as examined at pH 3 and 6. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO–SnOx in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light showed a higher efficiency than that of ZnO nanoparticles due to improved electron-hole separation. Meanwhile, the incorporation of photocatalysts into the chitosan matrix enhanced the thermal stability of the coatings. Chitosan-based antifouling coatings with varying percentages of ZnO or ZnO–SnOx nanoparticles, with or without the glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking of chitosan, were developed and studied for the prevention of biofouling. 
  • 969
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Plasmonic Nanosensors
Current advances in the fabrication of smart nanomaterials and nanostructured surfaces find wide usage in the biomedical field. Nanosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance exhibit unprecedented optical features that can be exploited to reduce the costs, analytic times, and need for expensive lab equipment. Moreover, they are promising for the design of nanoplatforms with multiple functionalities (e.g., multiplexed detection) with large integration within microelectronics and microfluidics.
  • 965
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanocarriers for Sustainable Active Packaging
Lockdown has been installed due to the fast spread of COVID-19, and several challenges have occurred. Active packaging was considered a sustainable option for mitigating risks to food systems during COVID-19. Biopolymeric-based active packaging incorporating the release of active compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity represents an innovative solution for increasing shelf life and maintaining food quality during transportation from producers to consumers. However, food packaging requires certain physical, chemical, and mechanical performances, which biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids have not satisfied. In addition, active compounds have low stability and can easily burst when added directly into biopolymeric materials. Due to these drawbacks, encapsulation into lipid-based, polymeric-based, and nanoclay-based nanocarriers has currently captured increased interest. Nanocarriers can protect and control the release of active compounds and can enhance the performance of biopolymeric matrices. 
  • 963
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Conversion of Methane to Methanol Routes
One way to store the energy content of methane is through its conversion to methanol. Methanol is a liquid under ambient conditions, easy to transport, and, apart from its use as an energy source, it is a chemical platform that can serve as a starting material for the production of various higher-value products.
  • 963
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Detecting Pesticides in Foods
The widespread use of pesticides to control pests on fruits and vegetables has become a major issue in food safety. Developing an efficient analytical procedure for determining pesticides in various matrices is an important and urgent issue.
  • 961
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thermal Conductivity Techniques
Conventional thermal fluids have found limited application owing to low thermal conductivity (TC). The need for more efficient fluids has become apparent leading to the development of nanofluids as advanced thermal fluids. Nanofluid synthesis by suspending nano-size materials into conventional thermal fluids to improve thermal properties has been extensively studied. TC is a pivotal property to the utilization of nanofluids in various applications as it is strongly related to improved efficiency and thermal performance. Numerous studies have been conducted on the TC of nanofluids using diverse nanoparticles and base fluids. 
  • 960
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Polypodiopsida and Nanotechnology
The species belonging to the Polypodiopsida class have been part of human culture since the beginning of civilization, often being utilized due to the presence of antimicrobial substances (such as alkaloids, terpenes as tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, etc.). Application of the ferns in nanotechnology is presented with practical examples.
  • 958
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ZnO Nanowires Cold Cathode
A cold cathode has many applications in high frequency and high power electronic devices, X-ray source, vacuum microelectronic devices and vacuum nanoelectronic devices. After decades of exploration on the cold cathode materials, ZnO nanowire has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates, in particular for large area field emitter arrays (FEAs). Numerous works on the fundamental field emission properties of ZnO nanowire, as well as demonstrations of varieties of large area vacuum microelectronic applications, have been reported. Moreover, techniques such as modifying the geometrical structure, surface decoration and element doping were also proposed for optimizing the field emissions.
  • 957
  • 06 Sep 2021
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