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Topic Review
Critical Heat Flux Amelioration
Critical heat flux (CHF) is the thermal limit of a phase change phenomenon where boiling occurs during heating, which suddenly decreases the efficiency of heat transfer. Ameliorating CHF by altering the boiling surface characteristics can lead to more efficiency, safety, and reliability of the system.
  • 3.4K
  • 11 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Virtual Power Plants
Due to the rapid growth in power consumption of domestic and industrial appliances, distributed energy generation units face difficulties in supplying power efficiently. The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) provides a solution to these problems using appropriate management schemes to achieve optimal operation. Furthermore, to lessen the uncertainties of distributed energy management systems, a decentralized energy management system named virtual power plant (VPP) plays a significant role.
  • 3.4K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine
Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drop-in Biofuels
Drop-in biofuels have a plant based origin and can be blended gradually into the existing fuel mix. The usage of drop-in biofuels ensures that little to no adjustments are required relative to existing fuel infrastructure. Non drop-in biofuels include alcohols such as (m)ethanol and gaseous fuels which cannot be used in a diesel engine without adjustments. In this study, the potential of drop-in biofuels is addressed. Based on their suitability as a marine fuel and their drop-in character, five drop-in biofuels are selected. These fuels include Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fast-Pyrolysis with full hydrodeoxygenation (FP), Hydrothermal Liquefaction with full hydrodeoxygenation (HTL) and Gasification with consequent Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (GFT). 
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biofuel Supply Chain
Bioenergy is one of the alternatives to secure energy demand, despite increasing debate on the sustainability of using bioenergy as a renewable source. As the source is disseminated over a large area and affected by seasonality, the potential benefit is highly dependent on other cost and benefit trade-offs along the supply chain.
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen Trains
Hydrogen and electric drives used in various means of transport is a leading topic in many respects.
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies
Battery electric heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs) and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV, battery-electric HDV, and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. 
  • 3.1K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Energy Piles
Energy piles are a relatively new technology that have dual function as heat transferring and load bearing. Due to the influence of temperature cycles, additional thermal stress and relative displacement of the pile will be generated; this is different from the load transferring mechanism of the conventional pile. In order to study the thermodynamic characteristics of the energy pipe pile under dual working conditions and temperature cycles, field tests were carried out on the PHC (prestressed high-strength concrete) energy pipe pile without constraining on the top of the piles. Displacement gauges were arranged on the top of the pile, and concrete strain gauges (temperature, strain) were embedded in the pile.
  • 3.0K
  • 31 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Battery Energy Storage Systems Ancillary Services
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is significant in providing ancillary services to the grid. The BESS plays a crucial role in facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the grid by compensating for the fluctuations produced by RESs as intermittent resources. Ancillary services encompass all the services necessary for the grid operator (transmission and distribution operator) to maintain the system’s integrity, stability, and power quality. Grid operators ensure a reliable power supply, frequency, voltage, and power load within certain limits. 
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ramp Rate Limitation of Wind Power
A run for increasing the integration of renewable energy sources in the electricity network has been seen because of the big concern about environmental issues and pollution from controllable power units. Wind power is one of the most-used renewable energy sources, and the objective of limiting the ramp rate of the power output is to produce more stable power. The studies of ramp rate limitation applied in wind power production deal with the definition and detection of this phenomenon in the real data, the methodologies used to forecast it, its application for managing grids and microgrids, the different actions aimed at physically implementing the restriction, and some of the grid code requirements used in different nations.
  • 3.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Households Energy Consumption in Iran
This review tends to obtain a deeper understanding of the methods used in household energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran. Issues relating to energy consumption and CO2 emissions are very complex. This complexity arises from the fact that energy demand and energy consumption in Iran are influenced by many factors, such as income, household size, age, and gender. In Iran, the relevant energy sources mostly include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, which are used for different sectors, such as transportation, industry, and residential. This overview looks at both the theories and empirical studies of household energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran. Since energy consumption typically results in air pollution, it is often used as an indicator of environmental degradation. Although Iran is recently faced energy efficiency improvement from all sectors, household energy requirements have been significantly increased. In Iran, a prime motivator had been improving living standards. As Iran gradually turns into a consumer society, households have an enormous influence on the direct use of energy and related CO2 emissions as well as through indirect use, as embodied in goods and services. The findings of this study can help policymakers to focus on renewable energy projects in order to reduce energy consumption and mitigate CO2 emissions.
  • 2.9K
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Energy Situation in Central Asia
Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural areas and there is a lack of access to modern energy services to meet primary needs. 
  • 2.9K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biofuel production from different sources
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, biofuel production from renewable sources has gainedinterest. Malaysia, as a tropical country with huge resources, has a high potential to produce differenttypes of biofuels from renewable sources. In Malaysia, biofuels can be produced from various sources,such as lignocellulosic biomass, palm oil residues, and municipal wastes. Besides, biofuels are dividedinto two main categories, called liquid (bioethanol and biodiesel) and gaseous (biohydrogen andbiogas). Malaysia agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030 as theysigned the Paris agreement in 2016. Therefore, we reviewed the status and potential of Malaysia asone of the main biofuel producers in the world in recent years. The role of government and existingpolicies have been discussed to analyze the outlook of the biofuel industries in Malaysia.
  • 2.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Enzymatic Transesterification in Biodiesel Production
       Biodiesel constitutes an attractive source of energy because it is renewable,  biodegradable, and non-polluting. Up to 20% biodiesel can be blended with fossil diesel and is being produced and used in many countries. Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification reaction of fat waste with a short-chain alcohol, usually methanol, in the presence of a catalyst. Animal fats, usually found as waste from slaughterhouses, meat processing industry, and cooking facilities, constitute an important waste with costly treatment that can be reduced if used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Animal fat waste represents near 6% of total feedstock used to produce biodiesel through alkaline catalysis transesterification after its pretreatment. Lipase transesterification has some advantages such as the requirement of mild conditions, absence of pretreatment, no soap formation, simple downstream purification process and generation of high quality biodiesel. However, it has some disadvantages like the cost of the enzyme, its poor stability, and the enzyme deactivation by alcohol, that can be partly overcome through enzyme immobilization. A few companies are using liquid lipase formulations and, in some cases, immobilized lipases for industrial biodiesel production.        Biodiesel constitutes an attractive source of energy because it is renewable,  biodegradable, and non-polluting. Up to 20% biodiesel can be blended with fossil diesel and is being produced and used in many countries. Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification reaction of fat waste with a short-chain alcohol, usually methanol, in the presence of a catalyst. Animal fats, usually found as waste from slaughterhouses, meat processing industry, and cooking facilities, constitute an important waste with costly treatment that can be reduced if used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Animal fat waste represents near 6% of total feedstock used to produce biodiesel through alkaline catalysis transesterification after its pretreatment. Lipase transesterification has some advantages such as the requirement of mild conditions, absence of pretreatment, no soap formation, simple downstream purification process and generation of high quality biodiesel. However, it has some disadvantages like the cost of the enzyme, its poor stability, and the enzyme deactivation by alcohol, that can be partly overcome through enzyme immobilization. A few companies are using liquid lipase formulations and, in some cases, immobilized lipases for industrial biodiesel production.
  • 2.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Classification of Electric Vehicles
EVs have the ability to run solely on electric propulsion or in conjunction with an internal combustion engine (ICE). The simplest sort of EV relies just on batteries as its source of energy; however, there are many variants that make use of a variety of other types of energy sources. These automobiles are hybrid electric models (HEVs). The Technical Committee 69 Electric Road Vehicles (ERV) of the International Electrical Technical Commission proposes that vehicles with two or more forms of energy source, storage, or converters can be classified as HEVs as long as at least one of them provides electrical energy.
  • 2.8K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Durability of PEM Fuel Cells
The mechanical durability of PEM fuel cells is a significant barrier to commercializing these systems for stationary and transportation power applications. The performance of a PEM fuel cell or stack is affected pointedly by the degradation of its components materials. Performance degradation is unavoidable, but the degradation rate can be minimized by comprehensively understanding degradation and failure mechanisms. Furthermore, the degradation processes of the different components are often interconnected in fuel cells. Therefore, the degradation phenomena of each fuel cell component must be separated, analyzed, and systematically understood to develop novel component materials and build novel cells/stacks that mitigate insufficient fuel cell mechanical durability.
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Ocean Energy Sources
The optimal utilization of renewable energies is a crucial factor toward the realization of sustainability and zero carbon in a future energy system. Tidal currents, waves, and thermal and salinity gradients in the ocean are excellent renewable energy sources. Ocean tidal, osmotic, wave, and thermal energy sources have yearly potentials that exceed the global power demand of 22,848 TWh/y. It is expected that a better insight into ocean energy and a deep understanding of various potential devices can lead to a broader adoption of ocean energy. It is also clear that further research into control strategies is needed. Policy makers should provide financial support for technologies in the demonstration stage and employ road mapping to accelerate the cost and risk reductions to overcome economic hurdles. 
  • 2.7K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Aluminum-Fuel-Based Energy Conversion Systems
Metallic aluminum is widely used in propellants, energy-containing materials, and batteries due to its high energy density. In addition to burning in the air, aluminum can react with water to generate hydrogen. Aluminum is carbon-free and the solid-phase products can be recycled easily after the reaction. Micron aluminum powder is stable in the air and enables global trade. Aluminum metal is considered to be a viable recyclable carrier for clean energy.
  • 2.7K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Energy Resources in Algeria
Algeria is a wealthy country with natural resources, namely, nuclear, renewable, and non-renewable sources. The non-renewable energy sources are considered the lion’s share for energy production (98%). Algeria’s efforts to ensure and strengthen its energy security will take an important step in the coming decades by commissioning new energy infrastructure based on intensive use of water, coal, nuclear, non-renewable, and renewable sources.
  • 2.7K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Digital Applications in Energy Sector
Digitalization is a transformation process which has already affected many parts of industry and society and is expected to yet increase its transformative speed and impact. In the energy sector, many digital applications have already been implemented. However, a more drastic change is expected during the next decades. Good understanding of which digital applications are possible and what are the associated benefits as well as risks from the different perspectives of the impacted stakeholders is of high importance. On the one hand, it is the basis for a broad societal and political discussion about general targets and guidelines of digitalization. On the other hand, it is an important piece of information for companies in order to develop and sustainably implement digital applications. This entry provides a structured overview of potential digital applications in the German energy (electricity) sector on the basis of a literature review.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Apr 2021
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