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Topic Review
Smart Street Light Control
A smart streetlight (SSL) is defined as a LED-equipped lighting system that can monitor and control lighting based on environmental conditions. It is part of a network-based system, capable of sending and receiving data, and features sensors and actuators for various functions like traffic and light sensing, environmental monitoring, and more.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Conventional Roller Compaction Method
As an empirical control method, the conventional compaction has the characteristics of manual driving, construction site supervision, manual recording, and sampling point detection. Currently, conventional compaction methods can be divided into four types: sampling point detection, prediction and simulation analysis, construction site supervision, and influencing factor analysis. In actual engineering, conventional compaction methods mainly rely on the manual control of compaction parameters (such as the number of compaction times, compaction trajectory, vibration frequency, lift thickness, and driving speed) during construction, as well as the sampling point detection (such as compactness or dry density) of specified locations after construction to ensure compaction quality of earthwork.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Single-Coil Eddy Current Sensors
The single-coil eddy current sensors (SCECS) constitute a separate and independent branch among the eddy current sensors. The SCECS sensing element is a single current loop that can be inserted into the measuring zone with harsh and extreme conditions. Such simplicity of the SCECS design ensures sensors’ functioning at high temperatures, reaching 1200 °C and more in gas turbines, high linear speeds of the monitored objects, contamination of the measuring medium by fuel combustion products, vibrations, etc. The main application of the SCECS related to the monitoring the dangerous states of the power plants. The sensors and their cluster compositions make it possible to evaluate a wide range of power plants diagnostic parameters, including radial clearances between the blade tips and the stator of the compressor and turbine of the gas-turbine engine, shaft displacements in the radial thrust bearings, the presence of wear particles of friction pairs in oil system, etc.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
BIM and DfMA
The main goal of this study is to explore the adoption of a design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) and building information management (BIM) approach during the whole lifecycle of assets. This approach aims to tackle issues inherent in the design of traditional construction methods, such as low productivity and quality, poor predictability and building performance, and energy use, through the implementation of a BIM library of off-site components. In recent years, a renewed interest has been directed to the attempt to provide solutions to these urgent problems through the adoption of new advancements in technologies. However, while there are studies focussing on a BIM-DfMA approach, there is a lack of research regarding how this approach should be adopted during the whole lifecycle of the assets. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, defining an efficient way of developing a component-based BIM object library has not yet been included in any of the available studies. A mixed methodology approach has been used in this research. A conceptual framework was developed as the result of an extensive literature review to investigate new advancements in the AEC sector.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning Defect Detection Methods for Industrial Products
Deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) have had a lot of success in various computer vision fields, such as recognizing faces, identifying pedestrians, detecting text in images, and tracking targets. Additionally, these models are used in a wide range of industrial settings for defect detection.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Steganography and Steganalysis in VoIP
The rapid advance and popularization of VoIP (Voice over IP) has also brought security issues. VoIP-based secure voice communication has two sides: first, for legitimate users, the secret voice can be embedded in the carrier and transmitted safely in the channel to prevent privacy leakage and ensure data security; second, for illegal users, the use of VoIP Voice communication hides and transmits illegal information, leading to security incidents. Therefore, in recent years, steganography and steganography analysis based on VoIP have gradually become research hotspots in the field of information security. Steganography and steganalysis based on VoIP can be divided into two categories, depending on where the secret information is embedded: steganography and steganalysis based on voice payload or protocol. The former mainly regards voice payload as the carrier, and steganography or steganalysis is performed with respect to the payload. It can be subdivided into steganography and steganalysis based on FBC (fixed codebook), LPC (linear prediction coefficient), and ACB (adaptive codebook). The latter uses various protocols as the carrier and performs steganography or steganalysis with respect to some fields of the protocol header and the timing of the voice packet. It can be divided into steganography and steganalysis based on the network layer, the transport layer, and the application layer. Recent research results of steganography and steganalysis based on protocol and voice payload are classified in this paper, and the paper also summarizes their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The development direction of future research is analyzed. Therefore, this research can provide good help and guidance for researchers in related fields. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Agriculture
Big Data and ML have appeared as high-performance informatics technologies for creating new opportunities to unravel, quantify and understand data-intensive processes in the environment of farm operations
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mobile Robot Path Planning
One of the most significant processes in the autonomous navigation is path planning. Path planning involves the determination of a possible path for a mobile robot to move from a start to a target location in a particular environment while considering optimization parameters like path distance, time and path smoothness. Mobile robot path planning is a subcategory of trajectory planning.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a reduced form of graphene oxide used extensively in gas sensing applications. However, in its pristine form, graphene has some shortages and thus, it is generally utilized in combination with other metal oxides to improve gas sensing capabilities. There are different ways of adding rGO to different metal oxides with various morphologies. This study focuses on rGO-loaded metal oxide nanofiber (NF) synthesized using an electrospinning method. Different amounts of rGO were added to the metal oxide precursors, and after electrospinning, the gas response is enhanced through different sensing mechanisms. 
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Reinforcement Learning in Home Energy Management System
Artificial Intelligence, more specifically machine learning, is one of the key contributing factors that have helped realize Home Energy Management Systems today. Reinforcement Learning is a class of machine learning algorithms that is making deep inroads in various applications in energy management in smart homes. This machine learning paradigm allows an algorithmic entity, called an agent, to make sequences of decisions and implement actions from experience in the same manner as a human being. Reinforcement learning is increasingly being used in various home energy management applications today. This article surveys the application of this learning paradigm in smart home energy management. Applications have been divided into five broad categories, and the reinforcement learning approach applied in each case have been investigated separately, in terms of building types, objective functions, and algorithm classes.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Systems (PVSs)
In a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PVS) synchronization and islanding detection techniques have to operate in coordination. Abnormal conditions can arise on the utility grid which require a prompt response from the PVS, hence the information provided by the synchronization system are fundamental for the grid voltage monitoring. The islanding detection techniques are based also on the information provided by the synchronization techniques and some islanding detection techniques require additional synchronization systems. Besides, after an islanding event, the PVS reconnection procedure has to be managed with two synchronization systems. For all these reasons synchronization and islanding detection issues have been analyzed together. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Available Drinking Water Treatment Technologies
Water is one of the main sources of life’s survival. It is mandatory to have good-quality water, especially for drinking. Many types of available filtration treatment can produce high-quality drinking water. In general, the treatment technologies for treating water depend on the type of raw intake water that comes from various water sources, such as surface water and groundwater. Membrane filtration is an advanced drinking water treatment that is widely used nowadays in water treatment processes, mainly for drinking water. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sensors Used on Fabric-Handling Robots
Fabric-handling robots could be used by individuals as home-assistive robots. While in most industries, most processes are automated and human workers have either been replaced by robots or work alongside them, fewer changes have occurred in industries that use limp materials, like fabrics, clothes, and garments, than might be expected with today’s technological evolution. Integration of robots in these industries is a relatively demanding and challenging task, mostly because of the natural and mechanical properties of limp materials.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Risk Analysis of Engineering Procurement and Construction
The lump sum turn key (LSTK) contract for engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects is a typical contract type used in large-scale and complex plant projects. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Testing in Microgrids
This entry covers testing in Microgrids. The most common strategies are described and some papers are critizied. Testing in Microgrids can be done in a variety of ways, among others digital simulation, co-simulation, Real-Time simulation (RTS) Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL), Controller-Hardware-In-the-Loop (CHIL), Power-Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) and emulators. To choose the desired strategy, the trade-off has to be made between the cost, test fidelity and test coverage. The entry is based on section in "Testing Smart Grid Scenarios with Small Volume Testbed and Flexible Power Inverter" by Milosz Krysik et al.  
  • 973
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microgrids and Networked Microgrids
Microgrids and networked (interconnected) microgrids are emerging in developed countries as an efficient way for integrating distributed energy resources into power distribution systems. Microgrids and networked microgrids can disconnect from the main grid and operate autonomously, strengthen grid resilience, and help mitigate grid disturbances and maintain power quality. In addition, when supported by sophisticated management strategies, microgrids and networked microgrids have the ability to enhance power supply reliability.
  • 963
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Assessment of Computer Vision-Based Construction Progress Monitoring Process
The progress monitoring (PM) of construction projects is an essential aspect of project control that enables the stakeholders to make timely decisions to ensure successful project delivery, but ongoing practices are largely manual and document-centric. However, the integration of technologically advanced tools into construction practices has shown the potential to automate construction PM (CPM) using real-time data collection, analysis, and visualization for effective and timely decision making. CPM entails periodically measuring the on-site progress and comparing the data with a planned schedule to get the actual status of a construction project. Traditional CPM practices involve manual data collection, which requires human intervention and hence are slow, error-prone, and labor-intensive. To overcome these issues, various automated CPM processes have been proposed. These processes include but are not limited to the use of enhanced information, geospatial, and imaging technologies. The imaging technologies comprise photogrammetry, videogrammetry, laser scanning, and range imaging. Laser scanning is a promising tool for as-built DAQ due to its accuracy; however, it requires expensive equipment, is technically complex, and requires experts to capture, model, and manipulate data for meaningful interpretations. An alternate technique is CV-based technology, which comprises photogrammetry, videogrammetry, and range images. The CV-based CPM comprises four sub-processes: data acquisition (DAQ), information retrieval, progress estimation, and output visualization. Each process involves various methods and techniques to achieve the desired output posing several benefits and limitations.
  • 962
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Smart Grids
The Smart Grid is a modern intelligent network adapted to a new global paradigm. Intelligent systems bring together energy and information and communication technologies, improving performance, quality, generation, transmission, distribution, and marketing services. Regarding the influence of intelligent networks in the transformation of human activities, it is essential to know the resources and systems of sensors, IoT and, in general, the devices that improve people’s quality of life. Today, there is a growing need for society to take care of its health by integrating the use of technology. Human Activity Recognition (HAR) allows monitoring of people’s quality of life and, in time, more features and functionalities emerge in this area, relying on a wide repertoire of hardware and software components. Proof of this is the implementation of several solutions in indoor environments, which capture the data generated from people’s interactions with an intelligent environment. Data collected from heterogeneous sensors implemented in intelligent environments or from sensors connected to the body (wearables) are stored in datasets and the information obtained from intelligent devices is integrated into a larger set, the intelligent network that brings together an environment, a community, a city, and, in general, a joint strategy to improve the quality of technology and life in our society.
  • 954
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Underwater Vision Enhancement
Underwater video images, as the primary carriers of underwater information, play a vital role in human exploration and development of the ocean. Due to the absorption and scattering of incident light by water bodies, the video images collected underwater generally appear blue-green and have an apparent fog-like effect. In addition, blur, low contrast, color distortion, more noise, unclear details, and limited visual range are the typical problems that degrade the quality of underwater video images. Underwater vision enhancement uses computer technology to process degraded underwater images and convert original low-quality images into a high-quality image. The problems of color bias, low contrast, and atomization of original underwater video images are effectively solved by using vision enhancement technology. Enhanced video images improve the visual perception ability and are benefificial for subsequent visual tasks. Therefore, underwater video image enhancement technology has important scientifific signifificance and application value. 
  • 953
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clustering Techniques in Autonomous Driving Applications
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on advanced sensory systems, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), to function seamlessly in intricate and dynamic environments. LiDAR produces highly accurate 3D point clouds, which are vital for the detection, classification, and tracking of multiple targets.
  • 943
  • 21 Jul 2023
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