Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Sang Sub Kim
 + 2656 word(s) 2656 2021-02-20 03:05:16 |
2 format correct
Vivi Li
 Meta information modification 2656 2021-03-04 07:45:14 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Kim, S.S.; Mirzaei, A. RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7740 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Kim SS, Mirzaei A. RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7740. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Kim, Sang Sub, Ali Mirzaei. "RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7740 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Kim, S.S., & Mirzaei, A. (2021, March 04). RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7740
Kim, Sang Sub and Ali Mirzaei. "RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors." Encyclopedia. Web. 04 March, 2021.
RGO-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/s21041352

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a reduced form of graphene oxide used extensively in gas sensing applications. However, in its pristine form, graphene has some shortages and thus, it is generally utilized in combination with other metal oxides to improve gas sensing capabilities. There are different ways of adding rGO to different metal oxides with various morphologies. This study focuses on rGO-loaded metal oxide nanofiber (NF) synthesized using an electrospinning method. Different amounts of rGO were added to the metal oxide precursors, and after electrospinning, the gas response is enhanced through different sensing mechanisms. 

gas sensor reduced graphene oxide rGO-loading metal oxide sensing mechanism

1. Introduction

Metal oxide gas sensors are used to sense various toxic gases and vapors [1][2] in many areas [3]. These sensors are quite popular owing to their low preparation costs, high sensitivity, fast dynamics, high stability, simple operation, and small size [4]. The general gas sensing mechanism of metal oxide gas sensors stems from the modulation of electrical resistance in the presence of target gases [5]. In these sensors, the sensing layer is exposed directly to the gas. The interaction between the target gas and sensing layer modulates the electrical resistance of the gas sensor, resulting in the generation of a sensing signal. This conductivity change is due to variations in the width of the electron depletion layer across the exposed area of the sensing layer [6]. Various strategies can be used to enhance the gas sensing characteristics of metal oxide-based gas sensors, such as UV light activation [7], fabrication of p-n, p-p and n-n heterojunctions [8], noble metal decoration [9],surface engineering, and the generation of structural defects [10]. Thus far, different morphologies of metal oxides, such as nanowires [11], nanotubes [12], nanorods [13], nanobelts [14], nanofibers (NFs), nanosheets [15], and hierarchical structures [16], have been used in gas sensing studies. This is because gas adsorption on the surface of gas sensing relates directly to the surface area of gas sensors and higher adsorption of gas means higher sensing signal. Thus, several studies have attempted to synthesize morphologies with a high surface area to increase the sensing performance of gas sensors. In addition, a porous morphology [17] and hollow structures [18][19] can be other useful techniques to increase the gas sensing properties. Therefore, metal oxide NFs are highly popular for sensing studies because of a very high surface area results from the one-dimensional morphology and the presence of nanograins on their surfaces, as shown in Figure 1. The generation of depletion layers on nanograins causes the development of potential barriers, which will be modulated during exposure to the target gases, contributing to the sensing signal generation.

Sensors 21 01352 g001 550

Figure 1. (a) FE-SEM image of ZnO electrospun NFs. The inset indicates high magnification image [20] (b) TEM image of 0.5 SnO2–0.5 Co3O4composite NFs [21].

Another advantage of NFs is their ease of preparation using a facile electrospinning technique. In general, the electrospinning technique can be used to fabricate continuous fibers with the possibility of control over the fiber diameter [22]. In addition, different NFs, such as porous NFs [23], core-shell NFs [24][25], and complex NFs [26], can be easily synthesized by electrospinning. Furthermore, NFs with controllable alignment can be produced by modifying the electrospinning [27]. Electrospinning also can be used for the mass production of NFs because of the easy handling, possibility of control of the diameter, low cost, simple operation, and high reproducibility [28]. Briefly, the features of electrospun fibers can be controlled by electrospinning parameters, including the solution variables (e.g., surface tension, viscosity, and conductivity), operating variables (e.g., applied voltage, spinning distance, and solution flow rate), and ambient variables (e.g., humidity and temperature) [29].Li et al. [30] (Figure 2) and Xue et al. [31] reviewed these factors, so this review paper does not discuss them further.

Sensors 21 01352 g002 550

Figure 2. Factors affecting fiber formation during electrospinning [30].

Figure 3 shows the major components of electrospinning include a syringe pump, spinneret, conductive collector, and power supply. The electrospinning technique can be described as follows: (1) charging of the liquid droplet and the formation of a Taylor cone, (2) formation of the charged jet, (3) thinning of the jet by the applied voltage, and (4) collection and solidification of the jet on a grounded collector. A Taylor cone is formed owing to surface tension and the applied electric field, from which a charged jet is ejected. The ejected jet was solidified quickly, resulting in the collection of solid fibers on the collector [32][33].

Sensors 21 01352 g003 550

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of (a)horizontal and(b)vertical setups of electrospinning [34].

2. Graphene, Graphene Oxide, and Reduced Graphene Oxide

Graphene is a single-layer comprised of sp2carbon atoms that can be used as a gas sensor owing to its high charge carrier mobility (200,000 cm2 V−1 s−1), high mechanical stiffness, high environmental compatibility, and huge surface area (2630 m2g−1) [35][36]. Schedin et al. [37] introduced the first graphene gas sensor in 2007. Because atoms in a single layer of graphene can be considered surface atoms, graphene can interact with even a single molecule [37]. Even though nowadays pristine graphene can be synthesized on a large scale [38] with good water solubility [39][40], it can be easily agglomerated in solution due to surface interactions [41]. Moreover, graphene has no bandgap or functional groups, limiting its gas sensors applications, particularly in the pristine form [42]. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which is synthesized by the reduction of graphene oxide (GO), is a better choice for gas sensing applications because it has many functional groups and defects [43]. GO has also been used for gas sensing studies [44]. On the other hand, GO has very high resistance due to the presence of alkoxy (C-O-C), hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylic acid (-COOH), carbonyl (C=O), and other oxygen-based functional groups [45][46]. rGO has more defects and dangling bonds than graphite, resulting in better sensing properties [47]. GO is widely prepared using either Hummers [48] or Brodie [49] methods. In these methods, differences are in both the acid used (nitric or sulfuric acid), and the type of salt used (potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate). By subsequent reduction of GO, rGO can be obtained. In fact, rGO can be prepared easily from GO by chemical reduction, thermal reduction, and UV light reduction [50]. Figure 4 shows the structure and preparation of GO and rGO [44].

Sensors 21 01352 g004 550

Figure 4. Structure and preparation of GO and rGO [44].

Furthermore, rGO has high thermal stability, and the total weight loss of rGO was reported to be only 11% up to 800 °C, which was attributed to the absence of most oxygen functional groups. [51]. Pristine rGO gas sensors have a long response and recovery times, and incorporating rGO with metal oxides can be a good strategy to increase the sensing capabilities of rGO-based gas sensors [52]. The synthesis and properties of rGO have been reviewed comprehensively [41]. The following section explains the gas sensing capability of rGO-loaded metal oxide NFs. This paper does not discuss the combination of rGO with other materials, such as mesh fabric [53] or polymers [54][55], for gas sensing studies. Furthermore, composites of metal oxides-rGO in morphologies other than NFs are not discussed.

2.1. RGO-Loaded Metal Oxides Gas Sensors

2.1.1. rGO-Loaded ZnO NFs

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most common metal oxides in the gas sensing area because of its unique properties, such as n-type conductivity, low toxicity, ease of synthesis, high availability, good thermal stability, and high mobility of electrons [56][57]. Abideen et al. [58] prepared rGO-loaded ZnO NFs for H2 gas sensing investigations. At 400 °C, the sensor exhibited an exceptionally strong response (Ra/Rg) of 2542 to 10 ppm H2 gas. The presence of rGO and a semiconductor (ZnO)-to metal (Zn) transition in a H2 atmosphere were the main reasons behind the enhanced response to H2 gas. They suggested that ZnO could be converted to metallic Zn in the presence of H2 gas because of the high-sensing temperature. Owing to the differences in the work functions of rGO, ZnO, and Zn, at equilibrium, potential barriers were generated at both rGO/Zn and Zn/ZnO interfaces. ZnO was more n-type because of the flow of electrons from the Zn layer to ZnO. Accordingly, high resistance modulation occurred, contributing to the sensing signal. In addition, the potential barriers of rGO/Zn prevented the flow of electrons to rGO, which acted as a source of resistance modulation in the presence of H2 gas.

In another similar investigation, Abideen et al. reported the effects of the rGO-loading (0.04, 0.11, 0.17, 0.44, 0.77, and 1.04 wt.%) on the NO2 sensing response of ZnO NFs [59]. Figure 5a,b shows SEM and TEM images of 0.44 wt.% rGO-loaded ZnO NFs, respectively.

Sensors 21 01352 g005 550

Figure 5. (a) SEM image and (b) TEM image of 0.44 wt.% rGO-loaded ZnO NFs [59].

Among rGO-loaded ZnO NF gas sensors, the sensor with a 0.44 wt.% rGO-loading showed an enhanced response to NO2 gas. The sensor showed a response (Ra/Rg) of ~123 to 5 ppm NO2 gas at 400 °C.The boundaries between the nanograins acted as a source of resistance modulation caused by the generation of potential barriers resulting from oxygen adsorption. After introducing NO2 gas, the height of the potential barriers increased across the grain boundaries, leading to the sensor signal (Figure 6a).

Sensors 21 01352 g006 550

Figure 6. NO2 gas sensing mechanism of (a) ZnO NFs and (b) rGO-loaded ZnO NFs [59].

In the rGO/ZnO heterojunctions, Ohmic contact was generated (Figure 6b), acting as a non-rectifying barrier to charge transfer, which affected the sensing behavior. In a NO2 atmosphere, the resistance of the gas sensor was increased because of the abstraction of more electrons. In addition, discretely distributed rGO nanosheets, which had a high surface area, played a catalytic role on NO2gas molecules. Other contributions were the presence of defects in rGO, which were favorable sites for the adsorption of gases.

Abideen et al. synthesized rGO-loaded ZnO NFs functionalized by Au and Pd NPs, as shown in Figure 7 [60]. Figure 8a–c shows typical TEM images of rGO nanosheets, ZnO NFs and Au-decorated ZnO NFs, respectively. At 400 °C, the sensors functionalized with Au and Pd showed an enhanced gas response towards CO and C6H6 gases, respectively. Owing to the formation of ZnO/rGO heterojunctions, the electron depletion layer was wider in the ZnO NFs. Upon exposure to reducing gases, they interacted with oxygen species and liberated electrons, resulting in increased sensor conductivity, contributing to the sensing signal.

Sensors 21 01352 g007 550

Figure 7. Preparation of Au and Pd-decorated rGO-loaded ZnO NFs [60].

Sensors 21 01352 g008 550

Figure 8. (a)TEM imageof Au-functionalized rGO-loaded ZnO NF. (b) TEM image of a ZnO NF. (c) Lattice-resolved TEM image of Au-functionalized rGO-loaded ZnO NF [60].

rGO has a high surface area, many defects and functional groups, and a different work function than ZnO. These factors contributed to the sensing enhancement. The effects of noble metals were considered. In the case of electronic sensitization, oxidized Pd (PdO), which initially took electrons from ZnO, was reduced in the presence of C6H6. Accordingly, the space charge layer was relaxed by the return of electrons to the ZnO. In chemical sensitization, Au and Pd NPs acted as catalytic metals. The incoming oxygen species were adsorbed on the surface of Au or Pd, leading to the dissociation of oxygen and subsequent spillover to neighboring ZnO. This increased the initial width of the electron depletion layers, which acted as a source of resistance modulation in the presence of the target gases. Furthermore, Schottky barriers were formed in the interfaces between Au/ZnO and Pd/ZnO (Figure 9). The width of the electron depletion layer decreased because of the flow of electrons from ZnO to metal. Moreover, the width of the electron depletion layer decreased by subsequent interaction of reducing gases and the liberation of electrons, causing a large change in resistance of the gas sensor.

Sensors 21 01352 g009 550

Figure 9. Energy band levelsof (a) Au-ZnO and (b) Pd-ZnO [60].

The good selectivity of the Au-functionalized gas sensor to CO was attributed to the low (1.20 eV) oxidation barrier of CO on Au and the strong interaction of Au with CO gas. In addition, strong adsorption of C6H6 on Pd resulted in the strong response of the Pd-functionalized gas sensor to benzene.

2.1.2. rGO-Loaded SnO2 NFs

SnO2 is among the most popular metal oxides for sensing studies because of its high stability, favorable bandgap, low price, and good intrinsic sensing properties [61][62]. Lee et al. [63] examined the effects of rGO-loadings (0.04–1.04 wt.%) on the NO2 gas sensing properties of SnO2 NFs produced by electrospinning. The sensor with 0.44 wt.% rGO exhibited the highest resistance and the strongest response (Ra/Rg) of ~100 to 5 ppm NO2 gas at 200 °C. The pristine sensors showed a change in resistance due to the grain boundary mechanism and radial modulation, as shown in Figure 10a. For rGO-loaded sensors (Figure 10b), p-n heterojunctions were formed, generating potential barriers to the flow of electrons. The heights of these barriers were changed in the target gas atmosphere, resulting in sensing signal generation.

Sensors 21 01352 g010 550

Figure 10. NO2 sensing mechanism in (a) SnO2 NFs and (b) rGO-loaded SnO2 NFs [63].

Hollow NFs are also interesting morphologies for gas sensing studies because of their higher surface areas that can interact with gas species [64]. For example, a BET surface area of hollow SnO2NFs composited with GO was reported to be 33.4m2/g. In this regard, Li et al. [65] investigated rGO-loaded SnO2 NFs for gas sensing studies. Figure 11 shows typical SEM and TEM images of rGO-loaded SnO2 NFs.

Sensors 21 01352 g011 550

Figure 11. (a) SEM image and (b) TEM image of rGO-loaded SnO2 hollow NFs [65].

p-n heterojunctions were formed between the connections owing to the intimate contact between rGO and SnO2. (Figure 12a). Under UV illumination (Figure 12b), SnO2acted as a UV absorber and a collector of generated electrons, whereas rGO acted as a photoelectron acceptor and provided many electron transport pathways. Generated electrons, as a result of UV illumination, can be adsorbed by oxygen species. The holes generated can be combined with chemisorbed oxygen, resulting in the desorption of oxygen. Thus, equilibrium is achieved under UV light. The best response could be achieved by tuning the UV light intensity. Oxidizing gases, such as NO2, can abstract electrons from the surface of the gas sensor. Compared to the dark condition, many more photoelectrons are captured by NO2 gas, resulting in a stronger response to NO2 gas. The strongest response was obtained under a 97 mW/cm2 UV light intensity, which indicated a response of ~100% (ΔR/Ra ×100) to 5 ppm NO2 at room temperature.

Sensors 21 01352 g012 550

Figure 12. The sensing mechanism of rGO-loaded SnO2NFs to NO2(a) in the dark and (b) UV illumination [65].

2.1.3. rGO-Loaded α-Fe2O3 NFs

n-Type α-Fe2O3 is one of the most popular oxides, with many excellent features, such as low cost and facile preparation [66]. In that study, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0wt.% rGO-loaded α-Fe2O3 NFs with approximate diameters of 100 nm were prepared using an electrospinning technique. The response of the optimal gas sensor, namely 1wt.% rGO/α-Fe2O3NFs at 375 °C to 100ppm acetone was approximately 8.9, which was approximately 4.5 times higher than the pure α-Fe2O3gas sensor [67]. The resistance of the composite sensors was lower than that of the pristine sensor, and the sensors with larger amounts of rGO showed lower conductivity. Ohmic contacts were generated because of the formation of rGO-Fe2O3 heterojunctions, which contributed to the sensing signal. Furthermore, defects and functional groups in rGO provided strong adsorption sites for gas molecules. In addition, the spaces between the layers of rGO nanosheets acted as an effective gas diffusion channel, which also provided more adsorption sites for gas molecules. When the amount of rGO was 3 wt.%, the surface of Fe2O3 was covered further with rGO, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of gas adsorption sites of α-Fe2O3. Thus, acetone gas reacted mainly with rGO rather than α-Fe2O3NFs, leading to a low response.

Hoang et al. [68] prepared rGO-loaded (0–1.5wt.%) α-Fe2O3 NFs for sensing studies. The 1 wt.% rGO loaded sensor showed a strong response (Ra/Rg) of ~9.2 to 1ppm H2S gas at 350 °C. On the other hand, when rGO was increased, rGO nanosheets were dominant for the electron pathways, which decreased the overall sensor resistance, causing a weaker sensor response. The formation of rGO/Fe2O3 heterojunctions (Figure 14), high surface area resulting from the NFs, and strong adsorption sites, such as oxygen functional groups and structural defects, also enhanced the sensor response.

Sensors 21 01352 g014 550

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of H2S sensing mechanisms of α-Fe2O3 NFs and rGO-loaded Fe2O3 NFs in (a) air and in (b) H2S gas [68].

References

  1. Velmathi, G.; Mohan, S.; Henry, R. Analysis and review of tin oxide-based chemoresistive gas sensor. IETE Tech. Rev. 2016, 33, 323–331.
  2. Wetchakun, K.; Samerjai, T.; Tamaekong, N.; Liewhiran, C.; Siriwong, C.; Kruefu, V.; Wisitsoraat, A.; Tuantranont, A.; Phanichphant, S. Semiconducting metal oxides as sensors for environmentally hazardous gases. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2011, 160, 580–591.
  3. Feng, S.; Farha, F.; Li, Q.; Wan, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, T.; Ning, H. Review on smart gas sensing technology. Sensors 2019, 19, 3760.
  4. Majhi, S.M.; Mirzaei, A.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S.; Kim, T.W. Recent advances in energy-saving chemiresistive gas sensors: A review. Nano Energy 2021, 79, 105369.
  5. Mirzaei, A.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Resistive-based gas sensors for detection of benzene, toluene and xylene (btx) gases: A review. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 4342–4370.
  6. Nazemi, H.; Joseph, A.; Park, J.; Emadi, A. Advanced micro- and nano-gas sensor technology: A review. Sensors 2019, 19, 1285.
  7. Wang, J.; Shen, H.; Xia, Y.; Komarneni, S. Light-activated room-temperature gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures: A review on recent advances. Ceram. Inter. 2020. Corrected Proof.
  8. Miller, D.R.; Akbar, S.A.; Morris, P.A. Nanoscale metal oxide-based heterojunctions for gas sensing: A review. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 204, 250–272.
  9. Singhal, A.V.; Charaya, H.; Lahiri, I. Noble metal decorated graphene-based gas sensors and their fabrication: A review. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2017, 42, 499–526.
  10. Kim, J.-H.; Kim, J.-Y.; Lee, J.-H.; Mirzaei, A.; Kim, H.W.; Hishita, S.; Kim, S.S. Indium-implantation-induced enhancement of gas sensing behaviors of SnO2 nanowires by the formation of homo-core–shell structure. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2020, 321, 128475.
  11. Chen, X.; Wong, C.K.Y.; Yuan, C.A.; Zhang, G. Nanowire-based gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 177, 178–195.
  12. Rezaie, S.; Bafghi, Z.G.; Manavizadeh, N. Carbon-doped zno nanotube-based highly effective hydrogen gas sensor: A first-principles study. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45, 14174–14182.
  13. Gao, R.; Cheng, X.; Gao, S.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Huo, L. Highly selective detection of saturated vapors of abused drugs by ZnO nanorod bundles gas sensor. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 485, 266–273.
  14. Suman, P.; Felix, A.; Tuller, H.; Varela, J.; Orlandi, M. Comparative gas sensor response of SnO2, SnO and Sn3O4 nanobelts to SnO2 and potential interferents. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 208, 122–127.
  15. Choi, S.-J.; Kim, I.-D. Recent developments in 2D nanomaterials for chemiresistive-type gas sensors. Electron. Mater. Lett. 2018, 14, 221–260.
  16. Lee, J.-H. Gas sensors using hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures: Overview. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2009, 140, 319–336.
  17. Korotcenkov, G.; Cho, B.K. Porous semiconductors: Advanced material for gas sensor applications. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2010, 35, 1–37.
  18. Lu, Z.; Zhou, Q.; Wei, Z.; Xu, L.; Peng, S.; Zeng, W. Synthesis of hollow nanofibers and application on detecting SF6 decomposing products: A mini review. Front. Mater. 2019, 6, 183.
  19. Hanh, N.H.; Van Duy, L.; Hung, C.M.; Van Duy, N.; Heo, Y.-W.; Van Hieu, N.; Hoa, N.D. Voc gas sensor based on hollow cubic assembled nanocrystal Zn2SnO4 for breath analysis. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2020, 302, 111834.
  20. Kim, J.-H.; Mirzaei, A.; Woo Kim, H.; Wu, P.; Kim, S.S. Design of supersensitive and selective zno-nanofiber-based sensors for H2 gas sensing by electron-beam irradiation. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 293, 210–223.
  21. Kim, J.-H.; Lee, J.-H.; Mirzaei, A.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Optimization and gas sensing mechanism of n-SnO2-p-Co3O4 composite nanofibers. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017, 248, 500–511.
  22. Aruna, S.T.; Balaji, L.; Kumar, S.S.; Prakash, B.S.J. Electrospinning in solid oxide fuel cells—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 67, 673–682.
  23. Phuoc, P.H.; Hung, C.M.; Van Toan, N.; Van Duy, N.; Hoa, N.D.; Van Hieu, N. One-step fabrication of SnO2 porous nanofiber gas sensors for sub-ppm H2S detection. Sens. Actuators A. Phys. 2020, 303, 111722.
  24. Gao, X.; Li, F.; Wang, R.; Zhang, T. A formaldehyde sensor: Significant role of pn heterojunction in gas-sensitive core-shell nanofibers. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 258, 1230–1241.
  25. Yoon, J.; Yang, H.S.; Lee, B.S.; Yu, W.R.J.A.M. Recent progress in coaxial electrospinning: New parameters, various structures, and wide applications. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704765.
  26. Yu, D.G.; Wang, M.; Li, X.; Liu, X.; Zhu, L.M.; Annie Bligh, S.W. Multifluid electrospinning for the generation of complex nanostructures. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2020, 12, e1601.
  27. Kishan, A.P.; Cosgriff-Hernandez, E.M. Recent advancements in electrospinning design for tissue engineering applications: A review. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2017, 105, 2892–2905.
  28. Abideen, Z.U.; Kim, J.-H.; Lee, J.-H.; Kim, J.-Y.; Mirzaei, A.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Electrospun metal oxide composite nanofibers gas sensors: A review. J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 2017, 54, 366–379.
  29. Liu, Q.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, L.; Qiu, Y. Recent advances in energy materials by electrospinning. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 81, 1825–1858.
  30. Li, X.; Chen, W.; Qian, Q.; Huang, H.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Q.; Yang, J.; Li, J.; Mai, Y.-W. Electrospinning-based strategies for battery materials. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 11, 2000845.
  31. Xue, J.; Wu, T.; Dai, Y.; Xia, Y. Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: Methods, materials, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 5298–5415.
  32. Xue, J.; Xie, J.; Liu, W.; Xia, Y. Electrospun nanofibers: New concepts, materials, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 1976–1987.
  33. Wen, P.; Zong, M.-H.; Linhardt, R.J.; Feng, K.; Wu, H. Electrospinning: A novel nano-encapsulation approach for bioactive compounds. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 70, 56–68.
  34. Patil, J.V.; Mali, S.S.; Kamble, A.S.; Hong, C.K.; Kim, J.H.; Patil, P.S. Electrospinning: A versatile technique for making of 1D growth of nanostructured nanofibers and its applications: An experimental approach. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 423, 641–674.
  35. Li, X.; Yu, J.; Wageh, S.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Xie, J. Graphene in photocatalysis: A review. Small 2016, 12, 6640–6696.
  36. Rao, C.N.R.; Sood, A.K.; Subrahmanyam, K.S.; Govindaraj, A. Graphene: The new two-dimensional nanomaterial. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7752–7777.
  37. Schedin, F.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.V.; Hill, E.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M.; Novoselov, K.S. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652–655.
  38. Wang, X.; You, H.; Liu, F.; Li, M.; Wan, L.; Li, S.; Li, Q.; Xu, Y.; Tian, R.; Yu, Z.; et al. Large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using CVD. Chem. Vap. Depos. 2009, 15, 53–56.
  39. Si, Y.; Samulski, E.T. Synthesis of water soluble graphene. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1679–1682.
  40. Zhang, M.; Bai, L.; Shang, W.; Xie, W.; Ma, H.; Fu, Y.; Fang, D.; Sun, H.; Fan, L.; Han, M.; et al. Facile synthesis of water-soluble, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a robust biological label for stem cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 7461–7467.
  41. Smith, A.T.; LaChance, A.M.; Zeng, S.; Liu, B.; Sun, L. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites. Nano Mater. Sci. 2019, 1, 31–47.
  42. Gupta Chatterjee, S.; Chatterjee, S.; Ray, A.K.; Chakraborty, A.K. Graphene-metal oxide nanohybrids for toxic gas sensor: A review. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 221, 1170–1181.
  43. Kumar, R.; Kaur, A. Chemiresistive gas sensors based on thermally reduced graphene oxide for sensing sulphur dioxide at room temperature. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2020, 109, 108039.
  44. Toda, K.; Furue, R.; Hayami, S. Recent progress in applications of graphene oxide for gas sensing: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2015, 878, 43–53.
  45. Pendolino, F.; Armata, N. Graphene Oxide in Environmental Remediation Process; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 5–21.
  46. Guex, L.G.; Sacchi, B.; Peuvot, K.F.; Andersson, R.L.; Pourrahimi, A.M.; Ström, V.; Farris, S.; Olsson, R.T. Experimental review: Chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by aqueous chemistry. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 9562–9571.
  47. Xiao, Y.; Yang, Q.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, R.; Gao, Y.; Sun, P.; Sun, Y.; Lu, G. Improvement of SnO2 gas sensing performance based on discoid tin oxide modified by reduced graphene oxide. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2016, 227, 419–426.
  48. Hummers, W.S.; Offeman, R.E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 1339.
  49. Brodie, B.C. Hydration behavior and dynamics of water molecules in graphite oxide. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1860, 59, 466–472.
  50. Mohan, V.B.; Lau, K.-T.; Hui, D.; Bhattacharyya, D. Graphene-based materials and their composites: A review on production, applications and product limitations. Comp. Part B. Eng. 2018, 142, 200–220.
  51. Cui, P.; Lee, J.; Hwang, E.; Lee, H. One-pot reduction of graphene oxide at subzero temperatures. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12370–12372.
  52. Drmosh, Q.A.; Yamani, Z.H.; Hendi, A.H.; Gondal, M.A.; Moqbel, R.A.; Saleh, T.A.; Khan, M.Y. A novel approach to fabricating a ternary rGO/ZnO/Pt system for high-performance hydrogen sensor at low operating temperatures. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 464, 616–626.
  53. Park, H.J.; Kim, W.-J.; Lee, H.-K.; Lee, D.-S.; Shin, J.-H.; Jun, Y.; Yun, Y.J. Highly flexible, mechanically stable, and sensitive NO2 gas sensors based on reduced graphene oxide nanofibrous mesh fabric for flexible electronics. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 257, 846–852.
  54. Zou, B.; Gou, Y.; Shen, N.; Xiao, A.; Li, M.; Zhu, L.; Wan, P.; Sun, X. Sulfophenyl-Functionalized reduced graphene oxide networks on electrospun 3D scaffold for ultrasensitive NO2 Gas Sensor. Sensors 2017, 17, 2954.
  55. Yuan, W.; Huang, L.; Zhou, Q.; Shi, G. Ultrasensitive and selective nitrogen dioxide sensor based on self-assembled graphene/polymer composite nanofibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 17003–17008.
  56. Zhu, L.; Zeng, W. Room-temperature gas sensing of ZnO-based gas sensor: A review. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2017, 267, 242–261.
  57. Kumar, R.; Al-Dossary, O.; Kumar, G.; Umar, A. Zinc oxide nanostructures for SnO2 gas–sensor applications: A review. Nano-Micro Lett. 2015, 7, 97–120.
  58. Abideen, Z.U.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. An ultra-sensitive hydrogen gas sensor using reduced graphene oxide-loaded ZnO nanofibers. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 15418–15421.
  59. Abideen, Z.U.; Katoch, A.; Kim, J.-H.; Kwon, Y.J.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Excellent gas detection of ZnO nanofibers by loading with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 221, 1499–1507.
  60. Abideen, Z.U.; Kim, J.-H.; Mirzaei, A.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Sensing behavior to ppm-level gases and synergistic sensing mechanism in metal-functionalized rgo-loaded ZnO nanofibers. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 255, 1884–1896.
  61. Das, S.; Jayaraman, V. SnO2: A comprehensive review on structures and gas sensors. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2014, 66, 112–255.
  62. Yamazoe, N.; Sakai, G.; Shimanoe, K. Oxide semiconductor gas sensors. J. Catal. Surv. Asia 2003, 7, 63–75.
  63. Lee, J.-H.; Katoch, A.; Choi, S.-W.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.S. Extraordinary improvement of gas-sensing performances in SnO2 nanofibers due to creation of local p–n heterojunctions by loading reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 3101–3109.
  64. Wang, D.; Zhang, M.; Chen, Z.; Li, H.; Chen, A.; Wang, X.; Yang, J. Enhanced formaldehyde sensing properties of hollow SnO2 nanofibers by graphene oxide. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017, 250, 533–542.
  65. Li, W.; Guo, J.; Cai, L.; Qi, W.; Sun, Y.; Xu, J.-L.; Sun, M.; Zhu, H.; Xiang, L.; Xie, D.; et al. UV light irradiation enhanced gas sensor selectivity of NO2 and SO2 using rgo functionalized with hollow SnO2 nanofibers. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 290, 443–452.
  66. Mirzaei, A.; Hashemi, B.; Janghorban, K. A-Fe2O3 based nanomaterials as gas sensors. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2016, 27, 3109–3144.
  67. Guo, L.; Kou, X.; Ding, M.; Wang, C.; Dong, L.; Zhang, H.; Feng, C.; Sun, Y.; Gao, Y.; Sun, P.; et al. Reduced graphene oxide/α-Fe2O3 composite nanofibers for application in gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017, 244, 233–242.
  68. Van Hoang, N.; Hung, C.M.; Hoa, N.D.; Van Duy, N.; Van Toan, N.; Hong, H.S.; Hong Van, P.T.; Sơn, N.T.; Yoon, S.-G.; Van Hieu, N. Enhanced H2S gas-sensing performance of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers by optimizing process conditions and loading with reduced graphene oxide. J. Alloys Comp. 2020, 826, 154169.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Automation & Control Systems
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Sang Sub Kim
,
Ali Mirzaei
View Times: 1.1K
Entry Collection: Remote Sensing Data Fusion
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 04 Mar 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback