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Topic Review
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
Despite the identification of Aβ plaques and NFTs as biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, therapeutic interventions remain elusive, with neither an absolute prophylactic nor a curative medication available to impede the progression of AD presently available. Current ap-proaches focus on symptomatic treatments to maintain AD patients’ mental stability and behav-ioral symptoms by decreasing neuronal degeneration; however, the complexity of AD patholo-gy requires a wide range of therapeutic approaches for both preventive and curative treatments. In this regard, this entry summarizes the role of receptors as a potential target for treating AD and focuses on the path of major receptors which are responsible for AD progression. This re-view gives an overall idea centering on major receptors, their agonist and antagonist and future prospects of viral mimicry in AD pathology. This entry aims to provide researchers and devel-opers a comprehensive idea about the different receptors involved in AD pathogenesis that may lead to finding a new therapeutic strategy to treat AD.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Envelope
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
In-silico Modeling of potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19
The potential of computational models to identify new therapeutics and repurpose existing drugs has gained significance in recent times. The current ‘COVID-19’ pandemic caused by the new SARS CoV2 virus has affected over 200 million people and caused over 4 million deaths. The enormity and the consequences of this viral infection have fueled the research community to identify drugs or vaccines through a relatively expeditious process. The availability of high-throughput datasets has cultivated new strategies for drug development and can provide the foundation towards effective therapy options. Molecular modeling methods using structure-based or computer-aided virtual screening can potentially be employed as research guides to identify novel antiviral agents. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CXCL1 as Gene, Promoter and Regulation of Expression
CXCL1 is one of the most important chemokines, part of a group of chemotactic cytokines involved in the development of many inflammatory diseases. It activates CXCR2 and, at high levels, CXCR1. The expression of CXCL1 is elevated in inflammatory reactions and also has important functions in physiology, including the induction of angiogenesis and recruitment of neutrophils.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Essential Oils
Microbial pathogens are the most prevalent cause of chronic infections and fatalities around the world. Antimicrobial agents including antibiotics have been frequently utilized in the treatment of infections due to their exceptional outcomes. However, their widespread use has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
IALUSET VITAL® Cream Improves Adults Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing skin disease, associated with impaired skin barrier function and characterized by poorly defined pruritic, erythematous lesions. In this study, the efficacy of a new topical cream (IALUSET VITAL®), containing hyaluronic acid and the extract of Salvia haenkei, in reducing symptoms of moderate AD in adults was investigated. This study was a randomized, double blind, vehicle-controlled clinical study. Treatment efficacy was evaluated considering both objective parameters (Scoring Atopic Dermatitis, SCORAD) and subjective pa-rameters (Patient Oriented Eczema Measure, POEM, and an itching sensation) and through non-invasive bioengineering techniques to measure skin moisturization and Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL).
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Exercise-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Hypouricemia
Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a hereditary disease that presents with increased renal urate clearance and hypouricemia due to genetic mutations in the urate transporter that reabsorbs urates in the renal proximal tubule. It is classified into the following two types: renal hypouricemia type 1 (RHUC1): A loss of function of URAT1, a transporter that uptakes urates into proximal tubule cells on the luminal side and increases renal urate clearance. As the urate clearance/creatinine clearance ratio (FEua: fractional excretion of urate) is often below 100% in RHUC1 patients, it is thought there is another unidentified urate transporter on the luminal side in addition to URAT1. Renal hypouricemia type 2 (RHUC2): The renal urate clearance increases due to a decrease in the function of GLUT9, a transporter that excretes urates at the basal side of the proximal tubule cells to the interstitium. As the urate clearance/creatinine clearance ratio of RHUC2 patients often exceeds 100% and urate is predominantly secreted, it is thought that only GLUT9 is responsible for the exit of urate reabsorption on the basal side.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neoplasia due to PPIs. A comment to Editorial in “Gastroenterology” .
The gastric hormone gastrin is released when the gastric content acidity is too low to efficiently kill swallowed microorganisms. Gastrin stimulates the ECL cell to produce histamine which in turn stimulates the acid producing parietal cell to secrete acid. Parallel to the stimulation of the ECL cell function, gastrin also stimulates the ECL cell proliferation. Prolonged elevation of gastrin results in ECL cell hyperplasia and  further to ECL cell neoplasia of varying malignancy known from about 1980. The proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most efficient inhibitors of acid secretion and are very efficient in the treatment of acid related diseases or symptoms. Before their acceptance for clinical us, PPIs were known to induce neoplasia in rodents, but the medical community accepted that these tumors were not relevant for man. With time there have been accumulating evidence for PPI induced neoplasia also in man. However, very recently a large observation study  financed by a pharmaceutical company, patients were followed for an average of 3 years without any evidence of neoplasia. The study was published in "Gastroenterology" and resulted in an "Editorial" claiming that the truth was approached. Unfortunately, the "Editorial " did not consider animal studies and recent studies in man reporting increased risk of gastric cancer in patients on PPI after eradication of Helicobacter  pylori compared with those not taking PPI after eradication. Therefore the "Editorial" was flawed and I wrote a letter commenting on these errors. After 2 weeks I got a refusal claiming that my letter was without relevance and importance. I found that peculiar, and I also mean that a journal has an obligation to print letters showing faults with papers published and especially concerning a misleading "Editorial". I therefore publish my letter allowing others to evaluate the relevance and importance 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Apr 2020
Topic Review
NLRP3 and Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia (PE) is a specific syndrome of human pregnancy, being one of the main causes of maternal death. Persistent inflammation in the endothelium stimulates the secretion of several inflammatory mediators, activating different signaling patterns. One of these mechanisms is related to NLRP3 activation, initiated by high levels of danger signals such as cholesterol, urate, and glucose, producing IL-1, IL-18, and cell death by pyroptosis. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS), act as an intermediate to activate NLRP3, contributing to subsequent inflammatory cascades and cell damage. Moreover, increased production of ROS may elevate nitric oxide (NO) catabolism and consequently decrease NO bioavailability. NO has many roles in immune responses, including the regulation of signaling cascades. At the site of inflammation, vascular endothelium is crucial in the regulation of systemic inflammation with important implications for homeostasis.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Public Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccination
Major hindrances to getting a COVID-19 vaccine include vaccine hesitancy, skepticism, refusal, and anti-vaccine movements. Several studies have been conducted on attitudes of the public towards COVID-19 vaccines and the potential influencing factors.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oleanolic Acid
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, abundantly found in plants of the Oleaceae family, and is well known for its beneficial pharmacological activities. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Obstructive Apnea and Hypopnea Length
Breathing is an essential function that requires both metabolic and behavioral control during wakefulness but depends on metabolic control during sleep. Breathing also depends on the maturity of the neural centers and the strength of the respiratory muscles. In patients with sleep disordered breathing, breathing after an apneic event results from the interaction between chemoreceptors relaying information to brainstem neurons responsible for generating breathing patterns and influencing respiratory motor neurons controlling the airway muscles; both of these mechanisms are also affected by sleep stage physiology.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Depsides Naturally Inspiring Molecules
Depsides are a group of polyketides consisting of two or more ester-linked hydroxybenzoic acid moieties. They possess valuable bioactive properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antifouling, and antioxidant qualities, as well as various human enzyme-inhibitory activities.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dendrimers in Personalized Medicine
Dendrimers are a special class of synthetic macromolecules, constituted of branches built, step by step, around a central multifunctional core. Each layer of branching points creates a new “generation”. Most of the properties of dendrimers depend on the type of their terminal functions. Dendrimers are often considered as 3-dimensional soft nanoparticles, in opposition to hard metal nanoparticles. Despite the fact that nature has favored branching structures at all levels, from galaxies to trees and to dendritic cells, examples of branching at the molecular level are extremely rare. One can cite glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, and also some cases of branched lignin, but none of them have a precisely highly branched structure, as do dendrimers. Such unusual structure has generated a many expectations for dendrimers: a huge number of publications and patents exist in relation to medicine, including in relation to personalized medicine but have resulted in very poor clinical translation up to now. This entry focusses on some of the clinical trials carried out with dendrimers.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis
Respiratory diseases are pathological conditions that affect airways, hampering breathing and causing high mortality. In particular, asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are two of the most common airway diseases that affect millions of people and have a high prevalence in childhood and adulthood. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease characterized by wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough. AR occurs with rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Indeed, these pathologies share common physiopathological mechanisms such as airway hyperresponsiveness and similar immunopathology such as tissue eosinophilia and T-helper type 2 inflammation. Moreover, AR can be an important risk factor for suffering asthma.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Moderate Consumption of Beer
There is growing interest in the potential health-related effects of moderate alcohol consumption and, specifically, of beer. This entry provides an assessment of beer-associated effects on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors to identify a consumption level that can be considered “moderate”. It introduced all prospective clinical studies and systematic reviews that evaluated the health effects of beer published between January 2007 and April 2020. Five of six selected studies found a protective effect of moderate alcohol drinking on cardiovascular disease (beer up to 385 g/week) vs. abstainers or occasional drinkers. Four out of five papers showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption (beer intake of 84 g alcohol/week) and decreased mortality risk. We concluded that moderate beer consumption of up to 16 g alcohol/day (1 drink/day) for women and 28 g/day (1–2 drinks/day) for men is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality, among other metabolic health benefits. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plant Food Dyes with Antioxidant Properties and Allergies
Color is an important food attribute which increases its attractiveness, thus influencing consumer preferences and acceptance of food products. The characteristic color of fresh, raw food is due to natural dyes present in natural food sources. Food loses its natural color during processing or storage. Loss of natural color (e.g., graying) often reduces the appeal of a product to consumers. To increase the aesthetic value of food, natural or synthetic dyes are added to it. Interestingly, the use of food coloring to enhance food attractiveness and appetizing appearance has been practiced since antiquity. Food coloring can also cause certain health effects, both negative and positive. Dyes added to food, both natural and synthetic, are primarily chemical substances that may not be neutral to the body. Some of these substances have strong antioxidant properties.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Deprivation Effects on Health and Immune System
Sleep health and its adaptation to individual and environmental factors are crucial to promote physical and mental well-being across animal species.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Alzheimer’s Disease
Among millions of sufferers of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the challenge is not only constantly coping with CRS-related symptoms, such as congested nose, sinus pain, and headaches, but also various complications, such as attention difficulties and possible depression. These complications suggest that neural activity in the central nervous system may be altered in those patients, leading to unexpected conditions, such as neurodegeneration in elderly patients. 
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mutations of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic metabolic disease of the bone system with an autosomal dominant or a recessive type of inheritance. There are also X-linked forms and sporadic cases of this disease. The frequency of the disease in general varies from 1:15,000 to 1:20,000.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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