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Topic Review
Kidney Transplant Care through the Integration of Chatbot
Kidney transplantation is a critical treatment option for end-stage kidney disease patients, offering improved quality of life and increased survival rates. However, the complexities of kidney transplant care necessitate continuous advancements in decision making, patient communication, and operational efficiency. 
  • 561
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effect of Antioxidant in Preservation Solution on Kidneys
Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a key clinical problem of transplantology. Current achievements in optimizing organ rinse solutions and storage techniques have significantly influenced the degree of graft damage and its survival after transplantation.
  • 553
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Immune-Focused Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The emerging field of immuno-oncology has brought exciting developments in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has also raised urgent questions about the role of immunotherapy in the setting of liver transplantation, both before and after transplant. A growing body of evidence points to the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents as potential adjuncts for successful down-staging of advanced HCCs to allow successful transplant in carefully selected patients. For patients with recurrent HCC post-transplant, immunotherapy has a limited, yet growing role.
  • 540
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Aspergillus in Lung Transplant Recipients
Fungal infections are a significant source of morbidity in the lung transplant population via direct allograft damage and predisposing patients to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to limit allograft damage.  Aspergillus is among one of the most common sources of fungal infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR).
  • 515
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells in T1DM Treatment
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disease causing the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. The resulting insulin production deficiency leads to a lifelong need for insulin re-placement therapy, systemic complications, and reduced life quality and expectancy. Cell therapy has been extensively attempted to restore insulin independence (IID), and autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHST) has appeared to give the most promising results.
  • 509
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Postoperative Critical Care in Liver Transplantation
Perioperative care of patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) is very complex. Metabolic derangements, hypothermia, coagulopathy and thromboses, severe infections, and graft dysfunction can affect outcomes. Advances in pre-transplant evaluation, surgical technique, and an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of cirrhosis significantly improved patient outcome. Due to the increasing demand for organs, a higher number of extended criteria grafts (ECD) are being used for transplantation. The use of ECD grafts has been shown to be associated with a higher rate of early allograft dysfunction (EAD), which results in dysfunction of other organ systems.
  • 503
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Ex Vivo Perfusion Research in a Transplant Setting
Given the importance of renal vasculature and the consequences of vascular injury during renal transplantation, it would be extremely helpful if the condition of the renal vasculature could be assessed and potentially improved before transplantation. Ex vivo perfusion, whether it is hypothermic (HMP) or normothermic (NMP), may offer the possibility to assess kidney function prior to transplantation and could provide a treatment platform in a controlled and isolated environment. Therefore, investigating and assessing vascular damage during machine perfusion could provide a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms, which could potentially be translated into assessment or treatment techniques. 
  • 502
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioprinting in Renal Regenerative Medicine
In this new era of technological advancement, three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged in medicine, promising to revolutionize surgical practices. Three-dimensional printing could be defined as “translating” a digital image into a 3D solid object by printing consecutive thin layers of materials. The fusion of tissue engineering and 3D printing has given rise to bioprinting. This technique employs biocompatible printers and "bio-ink" to create intricate tissue structures, while the complete fabrication of functional organs remains a research objective. 3D bioprinting has already shown promising results, especially in the field of microfluidic devices with the development of tissues demonstrating proximal tubules, glomerulus, and tubuloinerstitium functions. Such models could be applied in renal disease modeling and during drug development for nephrotoxicity investigation. 
  • 487
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Challenges in the Management of Failing Kidney Graft
Patients with a failed kidney allograft have steadily increase in recent years and returning to dialysis after graft loss is one of the most difficult transitions for chronic kidney disease patients and their assistant physicians. The management of these patients is complex and encompasses the treatment of chronic kidney disease complications, dialysis restart and access planning, immunosuppression withdrawal, graft nephrectomy, and evaluation for a potential retransplant. 
  • 484
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Serological and Urine Biomarkers in Organ Transplant
The process and evolution of an organ transplant procedure has evolved in terms of the prevention of immunological rejection with the improvement in the determination of immune response genes. Some serological biomarkers are non-commercial and economical, depending on having an immunology laboratory with experience in their implementation and standardization. The commercials show affordable prices. Regarding the cost of cellular methods, one must be aware that it will depend on the number of these monoclonal antibody markers (CDs) for flow cytometry.
  • 473
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Educational Needs of Young Adult Renal Transplant Recipients
Renal transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for adolescents and young adults with end-stage renal disease. Despite enjoying excellent short-term outcomes, they suffer the worst rates of premature transplant function loss. Health behaviors: such as lack of adherence to immunosuppressive medications, are felt to be the major contributory factor. Understanding the educational needs of young renal transplant recipients allows healthcare practitioners to better support patients in managing their chronic disease. 
  • 463
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Lung Transplantation
Lung transplantation (LTx) has become the gold standard treatment for end-stage respiratory failure. Recently, extended lung donor criteria have been applied to decrease the mortality rate of patients on the waiting list. Moreover, ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has been used to improve the number/quality of previously unacceptable lungs. Despite the above-mentioned progress, the morbidity/mortality of LTx remains high compared to other solid organ transplants. Lungs are particularly susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury, which can lead to graft dysfunction. Therefore, the success of LTx is related to the quality/function of the graft, and EVLP represents an opportunity to protect/regenerate the lungs before transplantation. Increasing evidence supports the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy to improve EVLP. The therapeutic properties of MSC are partially mediated by secreted factors. Hence, the strategy of lung perfusion with MSCs and/or their products pave the way for a new innovative approach that further increases the potential for the use of EVLP. 
  • 451
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Current Diagnostic Methods of Gut Microbiota
The human gut microbiota include over 10 trillion microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. In the past, the gut microbiome was analyzed using isolation and culture.
  • 445
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Liposome-Based Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a revolutionary genome editing technology that allows the precise modification of DNA sequences. Liposomes, which are small vesicles composed of lipid bilayers, have emerged as promising carriers for delivering various therapeutic agents, including CRISPR components.
  • 444
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Kidney Transplantation
Kidney transplantation improves quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of patients with kidney failure. However, integrated immunosuppressive therapy required to preserve graft function is associated with the development of post-transplant complications, including infections, altered immunosuppressive metabolism, gastrointestinal toxicity, and diarrhea. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for personalizing immunosuppressive therapy and managing post-transplant complications.
  • 443
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Therapies in Kidney Transplant Rejection
Despite significant advancements in immunosuppressive therapies, kidney transplant rejection continues to pose a substantial challenge, impacting the long-term survival of grafts. TCMR is diagnosed through histological examination of kidney biopsy samples, which reveal the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the allograft tissue. Corticosteroids serve as the primary treatment for TCMR, while severe or steroid-resistant cases may require T-cell-depleting agents, like Thymoglobulin. ABMR occurs due to the binding of antibodies to graft endothelial cells. The most common treatment for ABMR is plasmapheresis, although its efficacy is still a subject of debate. Other current therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulins, anti-CD20 antibodies, complement inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors, are also utilized to varying degrees, but their efficacy remains questionable. Management decisions for ABMR depend on the timing of the rejection episode and the presence of chronic changes. In managing both TCMR and ABMR, it is crucial to optimize immunosuppression and address adherence.
  • 442
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction in dopamine concentration in the striatum. It is a substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons that is responsible for the classic triad of PD symptoms, i.e., resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and bradykinesia. Several therapies for PD may only offer symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying neurodegeneration of PD. The developments in cellular reprogramming have enabled the development of previously unachievable cell therapies and patient-specific modeling of PD through Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). iPSCs possess the inherent capacity for pluripotency, allowing for their directed differentiation into diverse cell lineages, such as dopaminergic neurons, thus offering a promising avenue for addressing the issue of neurodegeneration within the context of PD. 
  • 434
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain.
  • 410
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cell Replacement Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Cell replacement therapy using stem-cell-derived insulin-producing β-like cells (sBCs) has been proposed as a practical cure for patients with type one diabetes (T1D). sBCs can correct diabetes in preclinical animal models, demonstrating the promise of this stem cell-based approach.
  • 398
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology in End-Stage Renal Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and during the first year after transplantation. Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, tobacco use, family history), in CKD patients non-traditional risk factors play an important role in CAD pathophysiology.
  • 387
  • 04 Sep 2023
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