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Topic Review
Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Lung
The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Meanwhile, diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Thoracentesis for the Management of Pleural Effusions
Pleural effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can occur due to various underlying medical conditions. It is a relatively common finding, with approximately 1.5 million cases reported annually in the United States. Common causes include congestive heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and malignancy. Thoracentesis, also known as needle thoracostomy or pleural tap, was first described by American physician Henry Ingersoll Bowditch in 1852 and involves the removal of excess pleural fluid for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is often the preferred initial procedure for diagnosis and management of pleural effusions, with approximately 178,000 thoracenteses performed in the United States annually.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Basis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare, chronic, fibrosing and progressive disease limited to the lung with a largely unknown etiology and a poor prognosis. IPF is associated with a characteristically defined radiological and/or histological usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown origin and poorly understood pathogenesis that predominantly affects lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes and is characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in involved organs. The disease is highly heterogeneous and can mimic a plethora of other disorders, making diagnosis a challenge even for experienced physicians. The evolution and severity of sarcoidosis are highly variable: many patients are asymptomatic and their disease course is generally benign with spontaneous resolution. However, up to one-third of patients develop chronic or progressive disease mainly due to pulmonary or cardiovascular complications that require long-term therapy. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires histopathological evidence of noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in one or more organs coupled with compatible clinical and radiological features and the exclusion of other causes of granulomatous inflammation; however, in the presence of typical disease manifestations such as Löfgren’s syndrome, Heerfordt’s syndrome, lupus pernio and asymptomatic bilateral and symmetrical hilar lymphadenopathy, the diagnosis can be established with high level of certainty on clinical grounds alone.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Children
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that is often under-diagnosed and under-treated in all ages. This is due to differences in morphology, diversity in clinical phenotypes, and differences in diagnosis and treatment of OSA in children and adults, even among individuals of the same age. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hypercoagulable State in COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multisystemic manifestations. Studies either held on stable disease patients or during exacerbations, have demonstrated that COPD is strongly related to venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular events.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely undiagnosed clinical condition, which is turning into a serious public health issue. Of note is that its prevalence is gradually increasing in parallel with the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Types of COVID-19 Vaccines
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that emerged at the end of 2019 and has caused an upper respiratory disease pandemic, currently known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Breakthrough Era of CFTR Modulators
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common genetic disease among the Caucasian population, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride epithelial channel whose dysfunction results in severe airway obstruction and inflammation, eventually leading to respiratory failure. The discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989 provided new insights into the basic genetic defect of CF and allowed the study of potential therapies targeting the aberrant protein. In recent years, the approval of “CFTR modulators”, the first molecules designed to selectively target the underlying molecular defects caused by specific CF-causing mutations, marked the beginning of a new era in CF treatment. These drugs have been demonstrated to significantly improve lung function and ameliorate the quality of life of many patients, especially those bearing the most common CFTR mutant F508del. However, a substantial portion of CF subjects, accounting for ~20% of the European CF population, carries rare CFTR mutations and is still not eligible for CFTR modulator therapy. Thus, the implementation of models to study the phenotype of these rare CFTR mutations and their response to currently approved drugs, as well as to compounds under research and clinical development, is of key importance. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Comorbidities in COPD
Oxidative stress driven by several environmental and local airway factors associated with chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, a hallmark feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), plays a crucial role in the disease pathomechanisms. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms amplifies the local inflammatory processes, has systemic effects, contributes to developing COPD–related comorbidities, and worsens cardiovascular health. COPD often coexists with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are not only the most common comorbidities perceived in COP, but also account for an increased risk of death in COPD patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Telemonitoring of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure-Treated Patients
Obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea (OSA) syndrome is a highly prevalent disease despite still being under-diagnosed. This disorder is responsible for reduced quality of life (QoL), secondary excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), negative cognitive and psychological impacts, and contributes to risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) telemonitoring (TMg) has become widely implemented in routine clinical care. Objective measures of CPAP compliance, residual respiratory events, and leaks can be easily monitored, but limitations exist. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the most important pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is typically mild and even presents as a self-limited disease. Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) is a severe state of M. pneumoniae infection. The pathogenesis of RMPP remains unknown, but the excessive host immune responses as well as macrolide resistance of M. pneumoniae might play important roles in the development of RMPP. To improve the prognosis of RMPP, it is mandatory to recognize RMPP in early stage, and detection of macrolide-resistant MP, clinical unresponsiveness to macrolides and elevated proinflammatory cytokines might be the clues. Timely and effective anti-mycoplasmal therapy and immunomodulating therapy are the main strategies for RMPP.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Air Pollution Interaction
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major infectious agents in paediatrics, and its relationship with air pollution is frequently observed. A relationship between lower air quality and RSV infections was observed mainly in hospital-based and some community-based studies, with particular interest in PM2.5, PM10, nitric dioxide (NO2), ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), and benzene. Exposure to another pollutant, cigarette smoke, is a well-described risk factor for a more severe RSV infection in children, an increased RSV LRTI prevalence, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); in the latter case, the RSV can be persistently present, escaping an immune response.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder involving a heterogeneous group of medical conditions encompassing several cardiopulmonary illnesses.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in IAV Infection
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in animals such as poultry and pigs and can cause infection and even death in humans, posing a serious threat to public health. IAV is an enveloped virus that relies on host cell metabolic systems, especially lipid metabolism systems, to complete its life cycle in host cells. On the other side, host cells regulate their metabolic processes to prevent IAV replication and maintain their normal physiological functions. This review summarizes the roles of fatty acid, cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in IAV infection, proposes future research challenges, and looks forward to the prospective application of lipid metabolism modification to limit IAV infection, which will provide new directions for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease that occurs predominantly in the older population. It is the most common cause of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and was previously thought to be a rare disease, however, there is an increasing trend in incidence and prevalence rate globally.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.15.1)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an 805 amino acid protein encoded by the ACE2 gene expressed in various human cells, especially in those located in the epithelia.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsic Determinants of Upper Airway Collapsibility
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a form of sleep-disordered breathing consisting of upper airway collapse during sleep that results in repetitive arousals and desaturations. Estimates of disease prevalence range between 1% and 3% of the general pediatric population, with significant associated clinical consequences on individual morbidity. Consequences of untreated pediatric OSA include metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurobehavioral implications with potential for long-term consequences. However, many pathogenic features of this syndrome in children remain unclear. Understanding principal mechanisms of OSA is critical for ultimately allowing for the development of therapeutic strategies. Much of the pathogenic mechanisms of OSA currently center around upper airway collapsibility.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vaping-Associated Lung Injury
The lungs are exposed to a multitude of environmental agents with each inspiration. Some of these agents are toxic or cause damage to the lungs. Vaping or electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is no exception. These devices aerosolise a liquid vapour, which is then inhaled. This vapour contains chemical compounds such as nicotine, flavourings and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Some of these chemicals have irritative, toxic and carcinogenic properties. When inhaled these can alter the immune responses critical for normal lung function and cause lung injury. The pathological manifestation of this is diverse varying from organising pneumonia or diffuse alveolar damage to established interstitial lung disease (ILD). 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Elderly People
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder in older people. Population-based studies have shown that the prevalence of OSA increases with age. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2022
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