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Topic Review
Harmonization and Standardization of Panel-Based Tumor Mutational Burden
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) refers to the total load of somatic mutations in tumor cells. It has been approved as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), next-generation sequencing (NGS) TMB panels are being increasingly used clinically.
  • 447
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Cancer Models and Next-Generation Living Biobanks
Biobanks provide a platform for innovative biomedical research. Recent scientific advances in cryopreservation have enabled the prospect of establishing “living biobanks” that store viable, functional tissue or replicable cell types for years to decades.
  • 443
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Approach for Molecular Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infections
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) represent some of the most challenging complications whose incidence will consequently rise in proportion to surgeries. The manifestation and evaluation of physical findings such as acute local inflammation, fever, and wound drainage, may correlate to the presence of PJIs; indeed, these clinical manifestation are of great value in raising the suspicion of PJIs. 
  • 439
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Static and Dynamic Redox State-Related Parameters
Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant molecules, which is usually associated with oxidative damage to biomolecules and mitochondrial malfunction. Redox state-related parameters include (1) the direct measurement of ROS, (2) the assessment of the antioxidant defense status, and (3) the analysis of the resulting oxidative damage to molecules. Directly measuring ROS appears to be the preferred method among scientists, but most ROS are extremely unstable and difficult to measure. The processes of determining both the oxidative damage to biomolecules and the antioxidant system status, although both are indirect approaches, provide a reliable method to measure oxidative stress on a given sample. Recently, the Seahorse XF and the Oroboros O2k systems have provided new insights into the redox state from a more dynamic point of view. These techniques assess mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function and bioenergetics on isolated mitochondria, cultured cells, or specific tissues such as permeabilized fibers.
  • 421
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols in Neurodegenerative Diseases
It has been shown that polyphenols in various natural sources can provide curative effects against various brain diseases and disorders through neuroprotective effects. These neuroprotective effects are mainly attributed to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, remove reactive oxygen species, and cause chelation of metal ions. Polyphenols increase the concentration of neurotrophic factors and bind directly to the membrane receptors of these neurotrophic factors to modulate and activate the signaling cascades that allow the plasticity, survival, proliferation, and growth of neuronal cells, allowing better learning, memory, and cognition. Furthermore, polyphenols do not have serious adverse side effects from their consumption.
  • 420
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Near Infrared Imaging Method
This is an efficient near-infrared (NIR) imaging method used to monitor VHH and VHH conjugated nanoparticle kinetics in mice using a hybrid approach: kinetics in blood were assessed by direct sampling, and kinetics in kidney, liver, and brain were assessed by serial in vivo NIR imaging. These studies were performed under “basal” circumstances in which the VHH constructs and VHH-conjugated nanoparticles do not substantially interact with targets nor cross the blood brain barrier. 
  • 410
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diagnostics of HNSCC Patients
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are very frequent worldwide, and smoking and chronic alcohol use are recognized as the main risk factors. For oropharyngeal cancers, HPV 16 infection is known to be a risk factor as well. By employing next-generation sequencing, both HPV-positive and negative HNSCC patients were detected as positive for PI3K mutation, which was considered an optimal molecular target. The treatment of HNSCC includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy alone or combined. In some cases, resistance to therapy with recurrences and metastasis and/or side effects appear. This underlines the need for a new direction of research for targeted cancer therapy.
  • 408
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota in Personalized Medicine
The microbiota is like a unique personalized “mold” for each person; it differs quantitatively and qualitatively for the microorganisms it contains together with the relationship between them, and it changes over time and under the influence of many factors.
  • 405
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Point-of-Care Settings
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that have been shed from tumors and circulate in the bloodstream. These cells can also be responsible for further metastases and the spread of cancer. Taking a closer look and analyzing CTCs through what has come to be known as “liquid biopsy” has immense potential to further researchers’ understanding of cancer biology.
  • 375
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Phage Display Technology in Monoclonal Antibody Production
The groundbreaking work of John McCafferty and Sir Gregory Winter in developing phage display technology revolutionized the discovery of human antibodies, paving the way for diverse applications. Since then, numerous phage-derived antibodies have been successfully developed and advanced into clinical studies, resulting in the approval of more than a dozen therapeutic antibodies. These antibodies have demonstrated efficacy across a spectrum of medical conditions, ranging from autoimmune diseases to various cancers.
  • 366
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Here describes various aspects of beta-lactams use in the critical care, focusing on clinical antibiotic stewardship in the ICU. Pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of beta-lactams are described and main factors of PK/PD variability in critically ill patients. Toxicity of beta-lactams, a frequently overlooked issue, is outlined. Analytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactams are discussed. The evidence supporting antibiotic guidance based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in critically ill patients is analysed.
  • 365
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Associated Colorectal Oncogenesis
The advancement of HIV treatment has led to increased life expectancy. People living with HIV (PLWH) are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancers. Chronic inflammation has a key role in oncogenesis, affecting the initiation, promotion, transformation, and advancement of the disease. 
  • 347
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA—A Novel Biomarker of Tumor Progression
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The diagnostic techniques for tumors mainly include tumor biomarker detection, instrumental examination, and tissue biopsy. Liquid technology represented by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has gradually replaced traditional technology with its advantages of being non-invasive and accurate, its high specificity, and its high sensitivity. ctDNA is a small DNA fragment derived from tumor cells, which contains tumor-related genomic information, such as mutation, methylation, microsatellite instability, etc. It is an ideal biomarker for real-time monitoring of tumor development. 
  • 328
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens
Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences.
  • 319
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics for the Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat diabetes for a long time, but its application has not been widely accepted due to unstandardized product quality and complex pharmacological mechanisms. The modernization of TCM is crucial for its further development, and in recent years the metabolomics technique has largely driven its modernization.
  • 309
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunosensors for Autoimmune-Disease-Related Biomarkers
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a group of various disorders that are characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. This malfunction state leads to an improper activation of immune elements that may consequently attack target molecules, cells, and tissues of the organism, resulting in inflammation and organ damage. Due to the continuously increasing number of patients with ADs, the severity of ADs’ clinical symptoms, and treatment insufficiency, novel analytical tools enabling early, reliable, and high-throughput disease diagnosis are highly desirable, since such tools may help health systems to confront the burden related to the late diagnosis of ADs and decrease premature mortality. To meet this need, during the last two decades, several immunosensors for detecting AD-related biomarkers have been developed as research prototypes. The AD immunosensors reported to date can be divided into two main categories depending on the biomarker(s) detected, i.e., either various autoantibodies or other protein biomarkers, such as specific inflammation-related cytokines. Most of AD immunosensors are electrochemical, while some optical and a few piezoelectric sensors have also been described.
  • 234
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Laboratory Tools to Predict CFTR Modulator Effectiveness
The implementation of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs into clinical practice has been attaining remarkable therapeutic outcomes for CF, a life-threatening autosomal recessive genetic disease. However, there is elevated CFTR allelic heterogeneity, and various individuals carrying (ultra)rare CF genotypes remain without any approved modulator therapy. Novel translational model systems based on individuals’ own cells/tissue are now available and can be used to interrogate in vitro CFTR modulator responses and establish correlations of these assessments with clinical features, aiming to provide prediction of therapeutic effectiveness.
  • 214
  • 17 Feb 2024
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