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Topic Review
Genital Tract Microbiome of Cattle
The term microbiota refers to the entire population of microorganisms that colonizes a particular location and includes not just bacteria, but also other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans. Cows have bacteria inhabiting the uterus even before calving and establish a unique endometrial microbiome within 20 min of calving where the microbiome is similar between cows that develop metritis and cows without endometritis until at least the second day postpartum.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Guidelines for Using Antipruritic Drugs in Dogs
Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. Pruritus is a common clinical sign of many skin disorders and is the most common complaint in canine dermatology. Pruritic skin diseases can affect the quality of life (QoL) of dogs and their owners. The first indication for the use of antipruritic drugs is, of course, allergies, notably canine atopic dermatitis (AD). However, in pruritic infections or parasitic dermatoses, the speed of action and the level of efficacy of etiological treatments vary and, to improve the QoL of both the dog and the owner, the use of an additional symptomatic antipruritic drugs in addition to etiological treatment sometimes makes sense after obtaining a clear diagnosis.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Thymol in Humans and Animals
Herbal additives may have possible health benefits in animals and humans, particularly thymol, whose phenolic group is responsiblefor the neutralisation of free radicals, and information concerning its detection through body action,bioavailability and mechanisms in rabbits. Plants containing thymol have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Although a great number of in vitro studies of cardiovascular and cancer diseases are available, in vivo studies that confirm these findings have not been sufficiently reported. To determine the beneficial dose, further clinical studies are necessary, with preclinical comprehensive research on animal models.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Herpesvirus Infection in Strix Owls
The herpesvirus partial DNA polymerase gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction in oropharyngeal swabs of 16 out of 170 owls examined that were captured in or near nest boxes. Herpesvirus was detected in Ural owls (Strix uralensis), in both adults and young, but not in tawny owls (Strix aluco). In yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), as the main prey of tawny owls and Ural owls in the area, herpesvirus was detected in the organs of 2 out of 40 mice captured at the same locations as the owls. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the herpesvirus sequences detected in the Ural owls differed from the herpesvirus sequences detected in the yellow-necked mice. The results indicate that herpesvirus infection exists in the breeding wild Ural owl population. However, herpesvirus-infected owls did not show any clinical or productivity deviances and, based on a phylogenetic comparison of detected herpesvirus sequences and sequences obtained from Genbank database, it seems that mice and other rodents are not the source of owl infections. The most probable transmission pathway is intraspecific, especially from adults to their chicks, but the origin of herpesvirus in owls remains to be investigated.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Health and Methane Emissions
The dairy industry is facing criticism for its role in exacerbating global GHG emissions, as climate change becomes an increasingly pressing issue. These emissions mostly originate from methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). An optimal strategy involves the creation of an economical monitoring device to evaluate methane emissions from dairy animals.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immune System—GALT
The intestinal mucosa is not only the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, but also the innate defence barrier against most intestinal pathogens. The intestinal barrier is in turn composed of a mechanical barrier, a biological barrier, a chemical barrier, and an immunological barrier.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrocyclic Lactone Loss of Efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis
Macrocyclic Lactone Loss of Efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis is a problem of resistance development by D.  immitis (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae), a nematode parasite that inhabits the pulmonary arteries of dogs and other carnivores causing heartworm disease, versus Macrocyclic Lactones, i.e. the drug category used for prevention of heartworm disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs
Atopic dermatitis is one of the manifestations of atopic disease. In people, dermatitis is typically the first manifestation of atopic disease and can be followed by respiratory disease later in life as part of what is called the “atopic march”. Atopic dermatitis affects people and animals and, in some species (e.g., dogs), is the most prevalent manifestation of atopic disease. Atopic dermatitis in dogs has become increasingly common as exposure to indoor environments and processed foods has increased in our pets. Canine atopic dermatitis has characteristics, both clinically and immunologically, that are strikingly similar to the human counterpart. In dogs, progression to respiratory signs has been described in colonies of atopic dogs, but it does not seem to be a common observation in clinical practice.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Strategies to Mitigate Post-Weaning Challenges in Pigs
The pig-farming industry faces significant challenges in ensuring the health and growth of piglets, particularly during the weaning phase. This critical period involves multiple stressors, such as environmental changes, dietary shifts, and social separation, which can adversely affect the piglet’s digestive health, immune system, and overall well-being.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gut Development and Piglets
During the prenatal, neonatal, and weaning periods, the porcine gastrointestinal tract undergoes several morpho-functional, changes together with substantial modification of the microbial ecosystem. Modifications of the overall structure of the small intestine also occur, as well as a rapid increase of the volume, mainly in the last period of gestation: intestinal villi, starting from jejunum, appears shortly before the sixth week of gestation, and towards the end of the third month, epithelial cells diversify into enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, and Paneth cells. Moreover, in the neonatal period, colostrum induces an increase in intestinal weight, absorptive area, and brush border enzyme activities: intestine doubles its weight and increases the length by 30% within three days of birth. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique
Molecular cytogenetics, and particularly the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, allows a deeper investigation on the chromosomes of domestic animals to  perform various results such as (a) the physical map of DNA-sequences of specific chromosome regions; (b) the use of molecular markes to confirm or to correctly identify the chromosomes involved in chromosome abnormalities, (c) the detailed comparison between related and unrelated species by both FISH-mapping or Zoo-FISH; (d) the study of meiotic segregation, especially by sperm-FISH, in some chromosome abnormalities; (e) the establishment of genetic losses or gains occurring during the chromosome abnormalities by using the aCGH (array Comparative Genomic Hybridization).
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Equine Influenza Virus
Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SINS
SINS is a newly identified, distinct endogenous syndrome resulting from the combined presence and signs of inflammation and dead tissue in the acral areas. It particularly affects the tail base, tail tip, ears, coronary bands, heels, soles, claw walls, teats, navel, and face and can be observed in suckling piglets, weaners, and finishing pigs.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Johne’s disease (JD)
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a highly resistant, extremely fastidious, Gram-positive acid-fast bacilli. The disease is characterized by reduced productivity, loss in body weight, and can be experienced with (in cattle and buffaloes) or without (in goats and sheep) diarrhea. Animals acquire infection in the early stages (prenatal) through semen or in utero, with colostrum and milk, or from the environment after birth via the fecal–oral route.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Bovine Theileriosis
Diseases caused by ticks have a high impact on the health, welfare, and productivity of livestock species. They are also an important cause of economic losses in farms worldwide. An example of such diseases is theileriosis, which can be controlled by drugs or vaccines, although these are not fully efficient. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative and more sustainable and efficient complementary strategies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease affecting a wide range of domesticated and wild animals, representing a worldwide economic and public health burden. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium bovis and infrequently by other pathogenic mycobacteria. The problem of bovine tuberculosis is complicated when the infection is associated with multidrug and extensively drug resistant M. bovis. Many techniques are used for early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, either being antemortem or postmortem, each with its diagnostic merits as well as limitations. Antemortem techniques depend either on cellular or on humoral immune responses, while postmortem diagnosis depends on adequate visual inspection, palpation, and subsequent diagnostic procedures such as bacterial isolation, characteristic histopathology, and PCR to reach the final diagnosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Relevant Horse Traits and Behaviour
The horse’s role throughout history, first as a meat animal and then a working animal, initially established their place as a “tool” to meet human needs. Horses are large animals with quick reactions. They are neophobic and claustrophobic, and remain acutely aware of their surroundings. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oocyte Cryopreservation in Domestic Animals and Humans
Oocyte cryopreservation plays important roles in basic research and the application of models for genetic preservation and in clinical situations. This technology provides long-term storage of gametes for genetic banking and subsequent use with other assisted reproductive technologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Lines
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Food Animal Production's Antibiotic Usage
Antibiotics usage was more commonly reported in commercial chicken and aquaculture than other animal production systems (livestock and backyard poultry). Farmers used antibiotics for both therapeutic and preventive purposes. Many studies detected several antibiotics resistance harmful bacteria in food-producing animals and animal origin foods.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
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