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Topic Review
Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid Applications
The conventional electrical grid is undergoing substantial growth for reliable grid operation and for more efficient and sustainable energy use. The traditional grid is now metamorphosing into a smart grid (SG) that incorporates a diverse, heterogeneous blend of operating measures such as smart appliances, meters, and renewable energy resources. With better efficient results and dependability, the SG can be described as a modern electric power grid architecture. The SG is one of the greatest potential advances as a promising solution for the energy crisis. However, it is complex and its decentralization could be of tremendous benefit. Moreover, digitalization and integration of a large number of growing connections make it a target of cyber-attacks. In this sense, blockchain is a promising SG paradigm solution that offers several excellent features. There has been considerable effort put into using blockchains in the smart grid for its decentralization and enhanced cybersecurity; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in both application and architectural perspectives. An in-depth study was conducted on blockchain-enabled SG applications. Blockchain architectures for various applications, such as the synchrophasor applications, electric vehicles, energy management systems, etc., were proposed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stress Detection Using Empatica E4 and Machine Learning
In response to challenging circumstances, the human body can experience marked levels of anxiety and distress. To prevent stress-related complications, timely identification of stress symptoms is crucial, necessitating the need for continuous stress monitoring.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radio Frequency Identification
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is widely used in several contexts, such as logistics, supply chains, asset tracking, and health, among others, therefore drawing the attention of many researchers.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Categories of Step-Up DC-DC Converters
MICs can have either single-stage or two-stages conversion systems: single-stage MICs perform voltage boosting, MPPT and grid current control in a single DC-AC power conversion; two-stages MICs have a DC-DC stage to boost the PV module DC voltage (between 20 V–45 V) to a higher value (above 380 V, for instance) while tracking the PV module maximum power point, followed by a DC-AC stage, responsible to DC-link voltage regulation and the grid-tied functions.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Electrification of Offshore Oil and Gas Production
Subsea oil and gas (O&G) exploration demands significantly high power to supply the electrical loads for extraction and pumping of the oil and gas. The energy demand is usually met by fossil fuel combustion-based platform generation, which releases a substantial volume of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane into the atmosphere.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage Systems
Worldwide, governmental organizations are restructuring energy policies, making them cleaner, encouraging transformation and energy transition by integrating renewable sources, engaging in environmental preservation, and, notably, meeting the growing demand for sustainable energy models, such as solar and wind energy. In the electricity sector, reducing carbon emissions is crucial to facilitating the integration of microgrids (MGs) with renewable sources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs).
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Comparative Study of Keccak SHA-3 Implementations
SHA-3, a pivotal component in modern cryptography, has spawned numerous implementations across diverse platforms and technologies. This text aims to provide valuable insights into selecting and optimizing Keccak SHA-3 implementations. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of hardware, software, and software–hardware (hybrid) solutions. Researchers assess the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of each approach. Critical factors, including computational efficiency, scalability, and flexibility, are evaluated across different use cases. Researchers investigate how each implementation performs in terms of speed and resource utilization. This text aims to improve the knowledge of cryptographic systems, aiding in the informed design and deployment of efficient cryptographic solutions. By providing a comprehensive overview of SHA-3 implementations, it offers a clear understanding of the available options and equips professionals and researchers with the necessary insights to make informed decisions in their cryptographic endeavors.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Near-Field WPT Technology in UAV Charging
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used in the military and civil fields. However, the battery power is a key factor that restricts the operation range of the UAV. Using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to power UAVs can improve the endurance of UAVs and enhance their maneuverability and flexibility.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Millimeter-Wave Radar Road Traffic Target Detection
Using millimeter-wave radar as a monitoring system has raised increased in various fields attributed to its high detection accuracy and weather resistance. In road traffic applications, accurate acquisition of moving target information such as pedestrians and vehicles on the road is one of traffic radar’s most basic and essential tasks. With the development of intelligent transportation systems, the timely reflection of road conditions and realization of traffic accident warnings become necessary, which puts higher requirements on the low processing delay of radar systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanogrid Architectures, Control, and Converters
Environmental issues and the global need to extend sustainable access to electricity have fostered a huge amount of research in distributed generation by renewables. The challenges posed by the widespread deployment of distributed generation by renewables, such as intermittent power generation, low inertia, the need for energy storage, etc., call for the development of smart grids serving local specific areas or buildings, referred to as microgrids and nanogrids, respectively. This has led in the last decades to the proposal and actual implementation of a wide variety of system architectures and solutions, and along with that the issue of the power converters needed for interfacing the AC grid with DC micro- or nanogrids, and for DC regulation within the latter. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Approach of Hosting Capacity Analysis
Distribution network operators face technical and operational challenges in integrating the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) with the distribution network. The hosting capacity analysis quantifies the level of DER penetration on the network without violating power supply qualities, such as over voltage, under voltage, transformer and feeder overloading, and protection failures that may be caused due to the high penetration of the DER. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could be a useful tool for quantifying the hosting capacity of the network, real-time monitoring of the DER and network parameters and ensuring quality power supply to the consumers.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Scalable Cell-Free mMIMO Systems
Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) can be considered as a potential physical layer technology for future wireless networks since it can benefit from all the advantages of distributed antenna systems (DASs) and network MIMOs, such as macro-diversity gain, high channel capacity, and link reliability.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
BIM Interpretation Using SSD-MobileNet-V2 FPNLite and COCO mAP
Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM), also known as Malaysian Sign Language (MSL). BIM began its journey by forming a deaf school in Penang called the Federation School for the Deaf (FSD) in 1954. Studies have revealed that indigenous sign words arose through gestural communication amongst deaf students at the FSD outside their classroom.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Types of Cyber Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
Several critical infrastructures are integrating information technology into their operations, and as a result, the cyber attack surface extends over a broad range of these infrastructures. Cyber attacks have been a serious problem for industries since the early 2000s, causing significant interruptions to their ability to produce goods or offer services to their clients. The thriving cybercrime economy encompasses money laundering, black markets, and attacks on cyber-physical systems that result in service disruptions. Furthermore, extensive data breaches have compromised the personally identifiable information of millions of people.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Fault-Tolerant Design Approach Based on Approximate Computing
Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) has been traditionally used to ensure complete tolerance to a single fault(s) or a faulty processing unit, where the processing unit may be a circuit or a system. However, TMR incurs more than 200% overhead in terms of area and power compared to a single processing unit. Hence, alternative redundancy approaches were proposed in the literature to mitigate the design overheads associated with TMR, but they provide only partial or moderate fault tolerance. This research presents a new fault-tolerant design approach based on approximate computing called FAC that has the same fault tolerance as TMR and achieves significant reductions in the design metrics for physical implementation. FAC is ideally suited for error-tolerant applications, for example, digital image/video/audio processing. The performance of TMR and FAC has been evaluated for a digital image processing application. The image processing results obtained confirm the usefulness of FAC. When an example processing unit is implemented using a 28-nm CMOS technology, FAC achieves a 15.3% reduction in delay, a 19.5% reduction in area, and a 24.7% reduction in power compared to TMR.  
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Transactive Energy
Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Battery Energy Storage Systems
The battery energy storage system can be applied to store the energy produced by renewable energy sources (RESs) and then utilized regularly and within limits as necessary to lessen the impact of the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Robot Environment Perception for Navigation
Robot external and internal environment sensing by extraction of raw sensor data and their interpretation is the basic principle of robot perception. In the modular or end-to-end robot navigation approach, sensors play a critical role in capturing the environment or internal robot attributes for robot perception. A sensor modality represents a sensor that inputs a particular form of energy and processes the signal using similar methods. Modalities include raw input types for sensors like sound, pressure, light (infrared, visible), or magnetic fields. Robot perception sensor modalities commonly include cameras (infrared, RGB or depth), LiDAR, radar, sonar, GNSS, IMU, and odometry sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Impedance-Based Analysis for Controller Design
In inverter-dominated AC grids, impedance-based analysis methods are proving to be more powerful than traditional state-space-based analysis methods. Even the conventional parameters and standards used to estimate the stability of generators and stronger grids cannot fully capture the dynamics of weaker, inverter-dominated grids. It then stands to reason that system impedances that are commonly used to analyze DC systems will be useful in the analysis of grid-forming inverters in these hybrid systems. To understand the value of studying the impedances of inverters and other elements in weak AC grids, this article reviews and describes the various ways in which impedance-based analyses can be used to define, assess, and improve the performance of grid-forming inverter controllers. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2021
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