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Topic Review
STING Agonists/Antagonists
The cGAS STING pathway has received much attention in recent years, and it has been recognized as an important component of the innate immune response. Since the discovery of STING and that of cGAS, many observations based on preclinical models suggest that the faulty regulation of this pathway is involved in many type I IFN autoinflammatory disorders. 
  • 788
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Indomethacin-Induced Inflammation in Brief
Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has long been employed to induce inflammation in experimental models. This research explores the utility of indomethacin-induced inflammation as a research tool for studying inflammatory processes and evaluating potential anti-inflammatory agents. 
  • 788
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment
Immune therapy is designed to stimulate tumoricidal effects in a variety of solid tumors including breast carcinomas. However, the emergence of resistant clones leads to treatment failure. Understanding the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental aberrations is crucial to uncovering underlying mechanisms and developing advanced strategies for preventing or combating these resistant malignancies.
  • 787
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms in Fibrotic Evolution during Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity is a chronic process resulting in inflammation, tissue damage, and subsequent tissue remodelling and organ fibrosis. In contrast to acute inflammatory reactions, pathogenic fibrosis typically results from the chronic inflammatory reactions characterizing autoimmune diseases. Despite having obvious aetiological and clinical outcome distinctions, most chronic autoimmune fibrotic disorders have in common a persistent and sustained production of growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, angiogenic factors, and fibrogenic cytokines, which together stimulate the deposition of connective tissue elements or epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) that progressively remodels and destroys normal tissue architecture leading to organ failure. 
  • 787
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Mechanisms of cGAS-STING Pathway-Induced Apoptosis
The cGAS–STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis.
  • 787
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
PNO and PNLA Inhibit the Inflammatory Response
The health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and Pinolenic acid (PNLA) in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. The expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The anti-inflammatory effects of PNO have been shown in in vitro and in in vivo animal models, which have also been demonstrated with PNLA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)  impact inflammation by several mechanisms, including altering membrane function and structure, and regulating the synthesis of lipid mediators.
  • 786
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Mitochondria in Extracellular Trap Formation
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps.
  • 785
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Helper T Cells
T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells are hypothesized to be pathogenic T cells in RA joints; however, lines of evidence do not fully support this hypothesis, showing polyfunctionality of the T cells. Recent progress in single-cell analysis technology has led to the discovery of a novel helper T-cell subset, peripheral helper T cells, and attracted attention to the previously unappreciated T-cell subsets, such as cytotoxic CD4 and CD8 T cells, in RA joints.
  • 785
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sublingual Immunotherapy for Aeroallergens
Sublingual immunotherapy represents an important progress in the use of personalized medicine in children with allergic asthma. It is a viable option for house dust mite driven asthma and in subjects with the asthma associated with allergic rhinitis.
  • 784
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis—a systemic inflammatory disease—is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. As such, the prevention of disease progression is of global interest in order to reduce annual deaths at a significant scale. Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque formation in the arteries, resulting in vascular events such as ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Sphingolipids—a lipid class named after the chimeric creature sphinx—are considered to play a critical and, metaphorically, equally chimeric regulatory role in atherogenesis.
  • 784
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Cancer
Neutrophils represent the most abundant cell type of leukocytes in the human blood and have been considered a vital player in the innate immune system and the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Neutrophils play an active role in the immune response during cancer development. They could exhibit both pro-oncogenic and anti-tumor activities under the influence of various mediators in the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils can be divided into several subpopulations, thus contradicting the traditional concept of neutrophils as a homogeneous population with a specific function in the innate immunity and opening new horizons for cancer therapy. 
  • 784
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Circadian Disruption on Innate Immunity
Circadian rhythms control almost all aspects of physiology and behavior, allowing temporal synchrony of these processes between each other, as well as with the external environment. In the immune system, daily rhythms of leukocyte functions can determine the strength of the immune response, thereby regulating the efficiency of defense mechanisms to cope with infections or tissue injury. The natural light/dark cycle is the prominent synchronizing agent perceived by the circadian clock, but this role of light is highly compromised by irregular working schedules and unintentional exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN).
  • 779
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Understanding of Immunity, Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19
Coronaviruses represent a diverse family of enveloped positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses. COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, is a highly contagious respiratory disease transmissible mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets which can result in severe, life-threatening respiratory pathologies. It is understood that glutathione, a naturally occurring antioxidant known for its role in immune response and cellular detoxification, is the target of various proinflammatory cytokines and transcription factors resulting in the infection, replication, and production of reactive oxygen species. This leads to more severe symptoms of COVID-19 and increased susceptibility to other illnesses such as tuberculosis.
  • 776
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophils and Flaviviruses
Neutrophils are first-line responders to infections and are recruited to target tissues through the action of chemoattractant molecules, such as chemokines. Neutrophils are crucial for the control of bacterial and fungal infections, but their role in the context of viral infections has been understudied. Flaviviruses are important human viral pathogens transmitted by arthropods. Infection with a flavivirus may result in a variety of complex disease manifestations, including hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or congenital malformations. Our understanding of flaviviral diseases is incomplete, and so is the role of neutrophils in such diseases. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the participation of neutrophils in severe disease forms evolving from flavivirus infection, focusing on the role of chemokines and their receptors as main drivers of neutrophil function. Neutrophil activation during viral infection was shown to interfere in viral replication through effector functions, but the resulting inflammation is significant and may be detrimental to the host. For congenital infections in humans, neutrophil recruitment mediated by CXCL8 would be catastrophic. 
  • 773
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TLR8 in Viral Infections
Viruses are recognized by several Toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR8, which is known to bind ssRNA structures. However, the similarities between TLR8 and TLR7 have obscured the distinctive characteristics of TLR8 activation and its importance in the immune system. 
  • 773
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Leishmania for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis.
  • 773
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Immunology
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have shed from a tumor into the lymphatics and vasculature, ultimately disseminating into blood circulation. Immune modulation is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer–immune interaction shapes the course of disease progression at every step of tumorigenesis, including metastasis, of which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as an indicator. 
  • 772
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Autoimmune Disorders
The antimicrobial peptides are present in many parts of the human body such as skin, mucosae, etc., that are exposed to microbes. AMPs are typically produced together as a mixture of several peptides, with tissue-specific unique AMP combinations. While specific AMPs are more prevalent in particular parts of the body, very few are exclusively produced by a single tissue or cell type. Almost all AMPs have multiple functions. AMPs, such as defensins and cathelicidins, were initially identified and studied due to their antimicrobial properties. Defensins and cathelicidins possess various immunomodulatory activities apart from their broad spectrum of activity against pathogens.
  • 772
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immune Cells in Oxi-Inflamm-Aging
Since immune cells need to produce oxidant and inflammatory compounds to carry out their defensive function, when uncontrolled, they may be responsible for the generation of oxidative-inflammatory stress that would not only cause their functional deterioration (immunosenescence) but could also increase these stresses in the body, accelerating the aging process. Given that phagocytes (neutrophils in humans and macrophages in mice) are the main immune cell type that generates oxidants throughout the “respiratory burst” in which NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes participate, they were proposed to play a central role in oxi-inflamm-aging.
  • 766
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CD28 Family Receptors and B7 Family of Ligands
The CD28 family receptors include the CD28, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) molecules. They characterize a group of molecules similar to immunoglobulins that control the immune response through modulating T-cell activity. Among the family members, CD28 and ICOS act as enhancers of T-cell activity, while three others—BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1—function as suppressors. The receptors of the CD28 family interact with the B7 family of ligands. The cooperation between these molecules is essential for controlling the course of the adaptive response, but it also significantly impacts the development of immune-related diseases. 
  • 765
  • 31 Jan 2024
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