Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Dietary AGEs
Most chronic modern non-transmissible diseases seem to begin as the result of low-grade inflammation extending over prolonged periods of time. The importance of diet as a source of many pro-inflammatory compounds that could create and sustain such a low-grade inflammatory state cannot be ignored, particularly since we are constantly exposed to them during the day. The focus of this review is on specific components of the diet associated with inflammation, specifically advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that form during thermal processing of food. AGEs are also generated in the body in normal physiology and are widely recognized as increased in diabetes, but many people are unaware of the potential importance of exogenous AGEs ingested in food. 
  • 959
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hox Clusters and LncRNAs
Bilaterian animals operate the clusters of Hox genes through a rich repertoire of diverse mechanisms, including, due to a large set of various non-coding RNAs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcribed from the sense (coding) DNA strands of Hox clusters, control the work of Hox genes in the cis and trans position, are involved in the establishment and maintenance of the epigenetic code of Hox loci, and can even serve as a source of regulatory peptides. which switch cellular energy metabolism. All antisense lncRNAs in human Hox clusters are therapeutic targets for malignant tumors, and their careful study has profound practical meaning. 
  • 958
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan as Coating for Biocontrol
This entry focused on the scientific production, trends, and characteristics of a knowledge domain of high worldwide importance, namely, the use of chitosan as a coating for postharvest disease biocontrol in fruits and vegetables, which are generated mainly by fungi and bacteria such as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, and Botrytis cinerea. For this, the analysis of 875 published documents in the Scopus database was performed for the years 2011 to 2021. The information of the keywords’ co-occurrence was visualized and studied using the free access VOSviewer software to show the trend of the topic in general.
  • 956
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum
The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes and is thought to be the result of secondary endosymbiosis. It is the site of quite a few metabolic pathways, such as heme, isoprenoids, and fatty acids syntheses. It is thought that the outermost membrane of the apicoplast is part of the endomembrane system.
  • 955
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Overexpressed Pirin in Human Colorectal Tumors
Pirin, an evolutionary conserved non-heme Fe-containing family member of the cupin superfamily of proteins, is regulated by Nrf2 in human and mouse cells and in the mouse colon in vivo. Moreover, pirin is overexpressed in human colorectal tumours where pirin expression correlates with Nrf2 activation, suggesting Nrf2 dependence. The depletion of pirin in the human colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 does not affect cell viability or migration. Understanding the functional consequences of the observed pirin upregulation in colorectal cancer requires further investigation.
  • 954
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
RBD Protein Vaccine is Safer
Human genome contains 8% or more retrotransposons acquired in the past from RNA viral infections. Any mRNA or cDNA antigenic vaccines have the opportunity to enter into the vaccine recipients’ somatic as well as germline cells. The SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV (Coronavirus)-2 S(spike)-protein mRNA/cDNA antigenic vaccines, currently being used, are only antigenic. They have to go through the human recipients’ cellular processes to produce antigens that will stimulate antibody production against SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID (Coronavirus Disease) -19. There are scientific evidence supporting mRNA and cDNA antigenic vaccines to cause homologous and heterologous recombination into the somatic cell DNA of the vaccine recipients. On the contrary, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-protein (antigen) vaccine, will directly stimulate antibody production against SARS-CoV-2, and thus against COVID-19.  Hence, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-protein vaccine is a safer, fast acting, and effective vaccine against COVID-19. It can be applied to immune compromised individuals.
  • 952
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Platforms for Protein-Based Vaccines
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
  • 949
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Netrin-1
Netrin-1 is one of the most well-studied proteins that regulate axonal guidance and synaptogenesis via interaction with its receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5H (unco-ordinated-5 homolog) to activate cell survival, differentiation and proliferation.
  • 948
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (pNETs)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are a group of rare neoplasms with an incidence of 1–2/100,000 inhabitants/year. They represent 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms and are characterized by a great heterogeneity according to their genetic or sporadic origin, their functional or non-functional character, their degree of locoregional or systemic invasion and their single or multiple localization. The reference curative treatment is surgical resection of the pancreatic tumor in specialized high-volume centres, after a multidisciplinary discussion involving surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists.
  • 948
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Carbazole Derivatives as STAT Inhibitors
The carbazole class is made up of heterocyclically structured compounds first isolated from coal tar. Their structural motif is preponderant in different synthetic materials and naturally occurring alkaloids extracted from the taxonomically related higher plants of the genus Murraya, Glycosmis, and Clausena from the Rutaceae family. Concerning the biological activity of these compounds, many research groups have assessed their antiproliferative action of carbazoles on different types of tumoral cells, such as breast, cervical, ovarian, hepatic, oral cavity, and small-cell lung cancer, and underlined their potential effects against psoriasis.
  • 948
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
KCNQ1OT1
KCNQ1 Opposite Strand/Antisense Transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) encodes a lncRNA from the opposite strand of KCNQ1 in the CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 cluster that is reported to play a vital role in the development and progression of cancer.
  • 946
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Models of Head and Neck Cancer
For several decades now, researchers have been trying to answer the demand of clinical oncologists to create an ideal preclinical model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that is accessible, reproducible, and relevant. Over the past years, the development of cellular technologies has naturally allowed people to move from primitive short-lived primary 2D cell cultures to complex patient-derived 3D models that reproduce the cellular composition, architecture, mutational, or viral load of native tumor tissue. Depending on the tasks and capabilities, a scientific laboratory can choose from several types of models: primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, spheroids or heterospheroids, tissue engineering models, bioprinted models, organoids, tumor explants, and histocultures. HNSCC in vitro models make it possible to screen agents with potential antitumor activity, study the contribution of the tumor microenvironment to its progression and metastasis, determine the prognostic significance of individual biomarkers (including using genetic engineering methods), study the effect of viral infection on the pathogenesis of the disease, and adjust treatment tactics for a specific patient or groups of patients. Promising experimental results have created a scientific basis for the registration of several clinical studies using HNSCC in vitro models.
  • 945
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics, Biogenesis and Functions of CircRNAs
Circular RNA (CircRNA), a single-stranded closed-loop RNA that lacks terminal 5′ caps and 3′ poly (A) tails, is more stable than linear RNA. CircRNA was first discovered in plant-infected viroids and was later observed in eukaryotes, although it was not produced via the back-splicing mechanism.
  • 945
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuropathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance
  • 942
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Bone Marrow as memory organ
The bone marrow (BM) is key to protective immunological memory because it harbors a major fraction of the body’s plasma cells, memory CD4+ and memory CD8+ T-cells. Despite its paramount significance for the human immune system, many aspects of how the BM enables decade-long immunity against pathogens are still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the relationship between BM survival niches and long-lasting humoral immunity, how intrinsic and extrinsic factors define memory cell longevity and show that the BM is also capable of adopting many responsibilities of a secondary lymphoid organ. Moreover, we discuss what factors determine the establishment of long-lasting immunological memory in the BM and what we can learn for vaccination technologies and antigen design. Finally, we touch on how a more holistic understanding of the BM is necessary for the development of modern and efficient vaccines against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2.
  • 937
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is an ocular disease caused by infection of the eye with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and it is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world.
  • 933
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Simulation of Human Colonic Fermentation
Regardless the complexity in the design, the fermentation process is performed with a faecal inoculum and a culture medium. Moreover, the compounds submitted to assay, or the non-absorbed compounds in the digesta resulting from previous digestion stages (oral, gastric, and small intestine), are incorporated into the reactor, leading to colonic fermentation. In some studies, the colonic fermentation is used to assay the effect of specific compounds (e.g., polysaccharides or oligosaccharides) on gut microbiota growth or the relative abundance of species and genera.
  • 933
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lemna Is Productive and Nutritious in Low Light
Land plants adjust growth rate, protein content, and antioxidant content in response to their environment. These acclimatory adjustments in plant form and function may require several days and development of a new leaf. An apparent lesser need for such acclimation is demonstrated here for the floating aquatic plant Lemna minor with a focus on its response to the growth light environment. Relevant features of L. minor include unusually high growth rates, photosynthetic capacities, and protein content coupled with the ability to produce high levels of photoprotective xanthophylls (which are essential human micronutrients) across a wide range of growth light environments without compromising photosynthetic efficiency.
  • 933
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Susceptibility to Head and Neck Cancers
HNC involves a series of tumors originating in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, lip, larynx, or nasopharynx. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and high-risk human papillomaviruses have been related to HNC. In connection with the role of genetics in HNC, several recent meta-analyses have reported the association of polymorphisms with the risk of HNCs.
  • 932
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Possible Mechanisms of the Invasiveness of Pueraria montana
Pueraria montana var. lobata is native to East Asia, and was introduced to many countries due to its potential for multiple uses. This species escaped under the management conditions soon after its introduction, and became a harmful weed species. This species has been listed in the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. P. montana stands expand quickly and threaten the native flora and fauna including microbiota. This species affects the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in soil and aquatic environments, and increases the amount of pollutants in the local atmosphere. Its infestation also causes serious economic losses on forestry and agriculture. 
  • 932
  • 19 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback