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Topic Review
Antioxidants in Cooled Liquid Storage
Cooled preservation of semen is usually associated with artificial insemination and genetic improvement programs in livestock species. Several studies have reported an increase in reactive oxidative species and a decrease in antioxidant substances and sperm quality parameters during long-term semen storage at refrigerated temperatures. The supplementation of antioxidants in extenders before refrigeration could reduce this detrimental effect. Various antioxidants have been tested, both enzymatic, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and non-enzymatic, such as reduced glutathione, vitamins E and C and melatonin. However, the problem of oxidative stress in semen storage has not been fully resolved. The effects of antioxidants for semen-cooled storage have not been reviewed in depth. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the efficiency of the supplementation of antioxidants in the extender during cooled storage of semen in livestock species.
  • 535
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
mTOR after Cerebral Ischemia
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease induced by partial or total occlusion of a cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery being that most frequently affected in humans. Stroke is now the leading cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Ischemia accounts for 80% of all strokes.
  • 535
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Therapy Dog Welfare
Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) seek to positively affect human health by utilizing animals as adjuncts to therapy. AAIs are broadly defined as any practice that involves animals as a part of a therapeutic or ameliorative process. In an AAI setting, the intensity and duration of the procedure vary with the recipient′s particular situation-specific need. 
  • 534
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Modal Regulation by Biological Clocks
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological timing mechanism that generates nearly 24 h rhythms of physiology and behaviors, including sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Evolutionarily, the endogenous clock is thought to confer living organisms, including humans, with survival benefits by adapting internal rhythms to the day and night cycles of the local environment. Mirroring the evolutionary fitness bestowed by the circadian clock, daily mismatches between the internal body clock and environmental cycles, such as irregular work (e.g., night shift work) and life schedules (e.g., jet lag, mistimed eating), have been recognized to increase the risk of cardiac, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, increasing numbers of studies with cellular and animal models have detected the presence of functional circadian oscillators at multiple levels, ranging from individual neurons and fibroblasts to brain and peripheral organs. These oscillators are tightly coupled to timely modulate cellular and bodily responses to physiological and metabolic cues. 
  • 533
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Great Video Abstract
In today's information-rich landscape, the art of scientific communication is evolving, with video abstracts emerging as a dynamic tool. This comprehensive guide explores the power of video abstracts to engage a diverse audience. It dissects key components, including narration, visuals, music, structure, and accessibility. Practical tips, examples, and case studies highlight best practices. Researchers are encouraged to plan, practice, and promote their video abstracts while considering legal and ethical considerations. By mastering this skill, scientists can bridge the gap between their research and a global audience, advancing knowledge dissemination and fostering scientific understanding.
  • 533
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Editing Technology of Zebrafish
As a vertebrate model, zebrafish (Danio rerio) plays a vital role in the field of life sciences. Recently, gene-editing technology has become increasingly innovative, significantly promoting scientific research on zebrafish. However, the implementation of these methods in a reasonable and accurate manner to achieve efficient gene-editing remains challenging.
  • 533
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Babesia Vaccines
Bovine babesiosis is caused by the Apicomplexa parasites from the genus Babesia. It is one of the most important tick-borne veterinary diseases worldwide; Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most severe clinical signs of the disease and causing the greatest economic losses. Resistance to drugs targeting B. bovis or its transmitting vector has made vaccination against this parasite the main infection control method.
  • 532
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Stem Cell
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common urological malignancy and brings great health threats to men. 
  • 531
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Hematological Analysis in Fish Toxicology
Hematological analysis is commonly used to assess the physiological state of fish. It includes red blood cell parameters, white blood cell parameters, and the number of thrombocytes per blood volume unit. Hematological analysis is one of the basic tools (often accompanied by biochemical and histopathological analyses) to assess the influence of organic and inorganic substances on fish. It is, therefore, applicable in both ecotoxicology and pharmacotoxicology. 
  • 531
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota
The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Indole and indole-related compounds are, first, involved in intestinal microbial community communication, regulating important aspects of bacterial physiology. These molecules are also known to be active on the intestinal mucosa, exerting overall beneficial effects in different experimental situations, notably in inflammatory situations. After absorption, indole is partly metabolized in the liver into the co-metabolite indoxyl sulfate.
  • 528
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Promising Phytocompounds for Stroke
Stroke is a serious condition that results from an occlusion of blood vessels that leads to brain damage. Globally, it is the second highest cause of death, and deaths from strokes are higher in older people than in the young. There is a higher rate of cases in urban areas compared to rural due to lifestyle, food, and pollution.
  • 526
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Discoidin Domain Receptor
Discoidin domain receptor (DDR) is a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in regulating essential cellular processes such as morphogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and matrix remodeling. As a result, DDR dysregulation has been attributed to a variety of human cancer disorders, for instance, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, and breast cancer, in addition to some inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Since the target identification in the early 1990s to date, a lot of efforts have been devoted to the development of DDR inhibitors.
  • 525
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis and Therapy
Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and invasive cancer of the skin. Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamentally important for cancer initiation and development. The application of some insights may contribute to further progress in the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma, a deadly type of cancer.
  • 525
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Functional Nanomaterials in Visualization of Cardiovascular Injury
Acute myocardial infarction is a major global health problem, and the repair of damaged myocardium is still a major challenge. Myocardial injury triggers an inflammatory response: immune cells infiltrate into the myocardium while activating myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, promoting tissue repair and scar formation. Fragments released by cardiomyocytes become endogenous “danger signals”, which are recognized by cardiac pattern recognition receptors, activate resident cardiac immune cells, release thrombin factors and inflammatory mediators, and trigger severe inflammatory responses. Inflammatory signaling plays an important role in the dilation and fibrosis remodeling of the infarcted heart, and is a key event driving the pathogenesis of post-infarct heart failure. At present, there is no effective way to reverse the inflammatory microenvironment in injured myocardium, so it is urgent to find new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Nanomedicine, the application of nanoparticles for the prevention, treatment, and imaging of disease, has produced a number of promising applications. 
  • 524
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
RBD Protein Vaccine is Safer
Human genome contains 8% or more retrotransposons acquired in the past from RNA viral infections. Any mRNA or cDNA antigenic vaccines have the opportunity to enter into the vaccine recipients’ somatic as well as germline cells. The SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV (Coronavirus)-2 S(spike)-protein mRNA/cDNA antigenic vaccines, currently being used, are only antigenic. They have to go through the human recipients’ cellular processes to produce antigens that will stimulate antibody production against SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID (Coronavirus Disease) -19. There are scientific evidence supporting mRNA and cDNA antigenic vaccines to cause homologous and heterologous recombination into the somatic cell DNA of the vaccine recipients. On the contrary, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-protein (antigen) vaccine, will directly stimulate antibody production against SARS-CoV-2, and thus against COVID-19.  Hence, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-protein vaccine is a safer, fast acting, and effective vaccine against COVID-19. It can be applied to immune compromised individuals.
  • 523
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Discovery of NPs by Genomics/Metabolomics
Natural products (NPs) are evolutionarily optimized as drug-like molecules and remain the most consistently successful source of drugs and drug leads. Due to traditional discovery approaches’ limitations relying on untargeted screening methods, there is a growing trend to employ unconventional secondary metabolomics techniques.
  • 523
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Neoglycoliposomes Bearing Arborescent Architectures
This entry highlights systematic progress in the design of synthetic glycolipid (neoglycolipids) analogs evolving from the conventional architectures of natural glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. Given that naturally occurring glycolipids are composed of only one hydrophilic sugar head-group and two hydrophobic lipid tails embedded in the lipid bilayers of the cell membranes, they usually require extraneous lipids (phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol) to confer their stability. In order to obviate the necessity for these additional stabilizing ingredients, recent investigations have merged dendrimer chemistry with that of neoglycolipid syntheses.
  • 523
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Rice Husk Silica Liquid
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) is derived from rice husks and has not been explored in diabetes mellitus until now. Previous studies showed that rice husk is enriched with silica, and its silica nanoparticles are higher more biocompatible. To investigate the potential protective role of RHSL on pancreatic β cells, we utilized RIN-m5F pancreatic β cells and explored RHSL effect after streptozotocin (STZ)-stimulation. The recovery effects of RHSL were evaluated using flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Results of our study showed that RHSL reversed the cell viability, insulin secretion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the change of mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) in STZ-treated RIN-m5F cells. Moreover, the expression of phospho-receptor-interacting protein 3 (p-RIP3) and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) were significantly decreased, while the transition of light chain (LC)3-I to LC3-II was markedly increased after RHSL treatment in STZ-induced RIN-m5F cells. Interestingly, using autophagy inhibitors such as 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) both showed an increase in cleaved-PARP protein level, indicating apoptosis induction. 
  • 523
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that include a variety of forms and clinical phenotypes. This heterogeneity complicates the clinical and experimental approaches to ASD etiology and pathophysiology. To date, a unifying theory of these diseases is still missing. With the recent acknowledgement of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive functions and the social brain, its involvement in ASD has become unmistakable, though its extent is still to be elucidated.
  • 522
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is an ocular disease caused by infection of the eye with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and it is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world.
  • 522
  • 25 May 2021
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