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Topic Review
The Kappa Opioid Receptor for Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts millions of people worldwide. While multiple therapeutics have recently been developed and approved as treatment agents, they are not 100% effective. Recent developments investigating the endogenous opioid system involvement in MS has revealed that agonists of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) have beneficial effects in both animal models of MS (and demyelinating disorders more generally) as well as in vitro models of remyelination. Several groups have contributed to this development.
  • 954
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Low-Grade Gliomas
Gliomas, the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor, were conventionally classified through WHO Grades I–IV (now 1–4), with low-grade gliomas being entities belonging to Grades 1 or 2. While the focus of the WHO Classification for Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors had historically been on histopathological attributes, the recently released fifth edition of the classification (WHO CNS5) characterizes brain tumors, including gliomas, using an integration of histological and molecular features, including their epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation which are increasingly being used for the classification of low-grade gliomas. 
  • 953
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
One-Carbon Metabolism in Healthy Brain Aging
One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a key metabolic network that integrates nutritional signals with several processes in the human body. Dietary supplementation of 1C components, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, and choline are reported to have beneficial effects on normal and diseased brain function.
  • 952
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidic Platforms and Alzheimer’s Disease
The past decade has witnessed a surge in the use of microfluidics technology in neurodegenerative diseases to gradually minimize biomedical research dependence on in vivo models. These platforms have been widely implicated in growing 3D gels that could be further applied in producing a three-dimensional tissue representative of human organs. With the help of these miniaturized devices, the growth of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia have also been facilitated in the form of triculture models.
  • 951
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Transgenic Mouse Overexpressing Spermine Oxidase in Cerebrocortical Neurons
Polyamines (PAs) are organic polycations ubiquitously present in living cells. The main PAs in mammalian cells include putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), and their acetylated forms, N1-acetylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine. Polyamines are involved in many cellular processes, and their content in mammalian cells is tightly controlled. Among their function, these molecules modulate the activity of several ion channels. Spermine oxidase (SMOX) specifically oxidizes spermine, a neuromodulator of several types of ion channel and ionotropic glutamate receptors, and its deregulated activity has been linked to several brain pathologies, including epilepsy. The Dach-SMOX mouse line was generated using a Cre/loxP-based recombination approach to study the complex and critical functions carried out by spermine oxidase and spermine in the mammalian brain.
  • 951
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Human stem cell implantation in Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive debilitating neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the older population. At present, there is no definitive effective treatment for AD. Therefore, researchers are now looking at stem cell therapy as a possible treatment for AD, but whether stem cells are safe and effective in humans is still not clear. In this narrative review, we discuss both preclinical studies and clinical trials on the therapeutic potential of human stem cells in AD. Preclinical studies have successfully differentiated stem cells into neurons in vitro, indicating the potential viability of stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical studies have also shown that stem cell therapy is safe and effective in improving cognitive performance in animal models, as demonstrated in the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. Although few clinical trials have been completed and many trials are still in phase I and II, the initial results confirm the outcomes of the preclinical studies. However, limitations like rejection, tumorigenicity and ethical issues are still barriers to the advancement of stem cell therapy. In conclusion, the use of stem cells in the treatment of AD shows promise in terms of effectiveness and safety.
  • 950
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. 
  • 950
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Manifestations of Wolfram Syndrome 1
Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS1) is a rare neurodegenerative disease transmitted in an autosomal recessive mode. It is characterized by diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA), and sensorineural hearing loss (D) (DIDMOAD). The clinical picture may be complicated by other symptoms, such as urinary tract, endocrinological, psychiatric, and neurological abnormalities.
  • 949
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Copper and Alzheimer’s Disease
Copper is an essential nutrient for plants, animals, and humans because it is an indispensable component of several essential proteins and either lack or excess are harmful to human health. Recent studies revealed that the breakdown of the regulation of copper homeostasis could be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Copper imbalance occurs in human aging and is thought to increase the risk of AD for individuals with susceptibility to copper exposure. The main feature of Cu imbalance in AD consists in the increase of a Cu species of the metal nonbound to proteins, called non-ceruloplasmin Cu (also known as ‘free Cu’) that is highly reactive. Non-ceruloplasmin Cu is a small molecular weight Cu that is exchanged among albumin and other serum proteins, peptides, and amino acids. It is an established marker of Wilson disease, the paradigmatic disease on Cu toxicosis or accumulation, but it increases also in AD. When exceeding 1.6 micromolar in serum, non-ceruloplasmin Cu is toxic and can cross the blood brain barrier and reach the brain, reacting with other drivers of AD, as for example the beta amyloid (Aβ), the main constituent of the amyloid plaques 
  • 948
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neurobehavioral Phenotype and Dysexecutive Syndrome of Preterm Children
The neurodevelopmental outcome of the premature infant is characterized by a set of minor-to-moderate dysfunctions in the developmental fields (language, praxis, executive, behavioral and attention disorders, social interaction disorders, etc.). These dysfunctions tend to cumulate, even to potentiate, which impacts school learning and the daily life of these children and their parents. Executive functions, such as high-level cognitive operations, play a preponderant role in learning and social adaptation via the regulation of children’s behavior and emotions. Thus, the notion of executive dysfunctions as an underlying mechanism of neurodevelopmental difficulties in VP children is now well documented. Executive deficit is central to the neurodevelopmental phenotype of preterm infants and their learning difficulties, both from a cognitive and a behavioral or social point of view.
  • 948
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are aging-associated chronic pathological conditions affecting primarily neurons in humans. Inclusion bodies containing misfolded proteins have emerged as a common pathological feature for these diseases. In many cases, misfolded proteins produced by neurons can be transmitted to a neighboring neuron or a non-neuronal cell, leading to the propagation of disease-associated pathology. While undergoing intercellular transmission, misfolded proteins released from donor cells can often change the physiological state of recipient cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes are highly sensitive to neuron-originated proteotoxic insults, which convert them into an active inflammatory state (reactive astrogliosis). Conversely, activated astrocytes can release a plethora of factors to impact neuronal functions. 
  • 948
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Novel Coumarin-Based Inverse Agonists of GPR55
The G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was first described in 1999 and is broadly expressed in different areas of the CNS, such as the frontal cortex or the hippocampus. The discovery of the bioactive lipid lysophosphtatidylinositol (LPI) as endogenous GPR55 agonist led to the receptor’s deorphanization . However, besides LPI, several commercially available as well as endogenous ligands show agonistic or antagonistic activity at the GPR55. Endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) for instance, show strong affinities and activation of GPR55, heating up the discussion about GPR55 as potential third cannabinoid-receptor (CB). Commercially available GPR55 agonists, such as O-1602, and GPR55-antagonists like ML-193 are commonly used in GPR55 research, to evaluate GPR55-specific molecular pathways and effects. Besides these widely used GPR55 ligands, coumarin-derivates show antagonistic coupled to inverse agonistic activities on GPR55-dependent neuroinflammatory processes as reported recently.
  • 947
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
ALS and NLRP3
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by atrophy and paralysis of voluntary muscles as a result of the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The best characterized inflammasome is NLRP3, which is composed of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3, the adaptor protein ASC and pro-caspase 1. Although it has been shown that this inflammasome plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, little is known about its implication in ALS. Since NLRP3 inflammasome plays a pivotal role in several neurodegenerative disorders, we hypothesized that levels of inflammasome components could help in diagnosis or prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • 946
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Role of IL-22 in Neuroinflammation
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a potent mediator of inflammatory responses. The IL-22 receptor consists of the IL-22Rα and IL-10Rβ subunits. Previous studies have shown that IL-22Rα expression is restricted to non-hematopoietic cells in the skin, pancreas, intestine, liver, lung, and kidney. The results in this entry demonstrate that interaction of IL-22 with IL-22Rα plays a role in the development of inflammatory responses in the brain.
  • 946
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Inflammaging
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The main theory of Alzheimer’s disease progress is the amyloid-β cascade hypothesis. One of the factors, which might play a key role in senile plaques and tau fibrils generation due to Alzheimer’s disease, is inflammaging, i.e., systemic chronic low-grade age-related inflammation. The activation of the proinflammatory cell phenotype is observed during aging, which might be one of the pivotal mechanisms for the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • 946
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Electrical Stimulation After Spinal Cord Injury
Electrical stimulation is used to enhance the skills of reaching, grasping, standing, and walking, among other activities of daily living.
  • 945
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Corpus Callosotomy for Controlling Epileptic Spasms
Epileptic spasms (ESs) are a type of epileptic seizure characterized as brief muscle contractions with ictal polyphasic slow waves on an electroencephalogram and a main feature of West syndrome. Resection surgeries, including frontal/posterior disconnections and hemispherotomy, have been established for the treatment of medically intractable ES in patients with unilaterally localized epileptogenic regions. Corpus callosotomy (CC) has been mainly used to treat drop attacks, which are classified as generalized tonic or atonic seizures. However, CC has also been adopted for ES treatment. 
  • 944
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Omic Blood Biomarkers in Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, accounting for a growing burden of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease before symptoms are established is clinically challenging, but would provide therapeutic windows for disease-modifying interventions. Blood biomarkers, including genetics, proteins and metabolites, are emerging as powerful predictors of Alzheimer’s disease at various timepoints within the disease course, including at the preclinical stage.
  • 944
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Maternal Nutrition and Neurodevelopment
Both experimental animal studies on the effects of micronutrients and macronutrients on offspring and human studies of pregnant women from cohorts with different nutritional conditions have contributed to current knowledge in the field of maternal nutrition. Diet and food choices define maternal nutritional status and directly influence fetal neurodevelopment. Maternal malnutrition, including undernutrition and overnutrition, can lead to altered neurodevelopment. 
  • 941
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Frequent Psychiatric and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined a post-COVID-19 condition. Some of these symptoms can be categorized as psychiatric and neuropsychiatric  post COVID-19 symptoms if they appeared in the aftermath of COVID-19, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatic symptoms disorders such as hyperventilation syndrome, fatigue, cognitive and sleep disorders. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric post-COVID-19 present mental health specialists with difficult challenges because of its complexity and the multiple ways in which it integrates into a singular somatic context. 
  • 939
  • 01 Apr 2022
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