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Topic Review
Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides
Food spoilage is a widespread issue brought on by the undesired growth of microbes in food products. Thousands of tons of usable food or food products are wasted every day due to rotting in different parts of the world. Several food preservation techniques are employed to prevent food from rotting, including the use of natural or manufactured chemicals or substances; however, the issue persists. One strategy for halting food deterioration is the use of plant-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which have been investigated for possible bioactivities against a range of human, plant, and food pathogens. The food industry may be able to benefit from the development of synthetic AMPs, produced from plants that have higher bioactivity, better stability, and decreased cytotoxicity as a means of food preservation.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Marine Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive peptides from marine organisms can benefit human health and nutrition, while being produced sustainably. This entry describes properties and features of over 250 peptides isolated from marine organisms, focusing on food sources  also including algae, mollusks and vertebrates.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy in Multimodal Imaging Approaches
High-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) is a three-dimensional (3D) episcopic imaging modality based on the acquisition of two-dimensional (2D) images from the cut surface of a block of tissue embedded in resin. Such images, acquired serially through the entire length/depth of the tissue block, are aligned and stacked for 3D reconstruction. HREM has proven to be specifically advantageous when integrated in correlative multimodal imaging (CMI) pipelines. CMI creates a composite and zoomable view of exactly the same specimen and region of interest by (sequentially) correlating two or more modalities. CMI combines complementary modalities to gain holistic structural, functional, and chemical information of the entire sample and place molecular details into their overall spatiotemporal multiscale context. HREM has an advantage over in vivo 3D imaging techniques on account of better histomorphologic resolution while simultaneously providing volume data. HREM also has certain advantages over ex vivo light microscopy modalities. The latter can provide better cellular resolution but usually covers a limited area or volume of tissue, with limited 3D structural context. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oleaginous Yeast Biorefinery
Oleaginous yeasts are a potential renewable source of biofuels. However, the yeast-derived biofuels cost is still non-competitive with the fossil fuel prices. To improve the sustainability of yeast-derived biofuels, it is necessary to valorize all yeast biomass fractions, an approach based on the biorefinery concept. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidic-Based Oxygen Sensors
Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O2 sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O2 sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Therapy in HPV-Related Cancers
The mitochondria are organelles targeted by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV-related cancers depend on the host’s mitochondria for their development and progression. On the other hand, the mitochondria are also important during pharmacological treatment, such as chemotherapy, since they are key organelles for the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which significantly increases cell death due to the presence of oxidative stress (OS). In this way, the mitochondria in HPV infection and in the development of HPV-related cancer could be targeted to reduce or eliminate HPV infections or HPV-related cancers.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antibodies induced by Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) regulate several immune responses, such as cytokine production, immune signaling, and antibody induction. Here, we report that immunization with glycosphingolipids containing-VLCFAs can efficiently induce the production of anti-glycan antibodies by B cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
FREM1
FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Matrix Mechanosensation
The biomechanical properties of the bone marrow microenvironment emerge from a combination of interactions between various extracellular matrix (ECM) structural proteins and soluble factors. Matrix stiffness directs stem cell fate, and both bone marrow stromal and hematopoietic cells respond to biophysical cues. Within the bone marrow, the megakaryoblasts and erythroblasts are thought to originate from a common progenitor, giving rise to fully mature magakaryocytes (the platelet precursors) and erythrocytes. Erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors sense and respond to the ECM through cell surface adhesion receptors such as integrins and mechanosensitive ion channels. While hematopoietic stem progenitor cells remain quiescent on stiffer ECM substrates, the maturation of the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages occurs on softer ECM substrates. This review surveys the major matrix structural proteins that contribute to the overall biomechanical tone of the bone marrow, as well as key integrins and mechanosensitive ion channels identified as ECM sensors in context of megakaryocytosis or erythropoiesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Application of Green PtNPs
The diverse biological properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) make them ideal for use in the development of new tools in therapy, diagnostics, and other biomedical purposes. “Green” PtNPs synthesis is of great interest as it is eco-friendly, less energy-consuming and minimizes the amount of toxic by-products.
  • 999
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Vaccination under COVID-19 Pandemic
The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. 
  • 998
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Production of HC-AdVs
The adaptation of adenoviruses as gene delivery tools has resulted in the development of high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs), also known, helper-dependent or “gutless”. Compared with earlier generations (E1/E3-deleted vectors), HC-AdVs retain relevant features such as genetic stability, remarkable efficacy of in vivo transduction, and production at high titers. The removal of all viral coding genes dictates the unique properties of HC-AdVs in terms of stability of expression and cloning capacity, which differentiate them from early AdV vector versions. The downside is a greater complexity of the production procedures, because stable expression of all adenoviral genes in packaging cells, in the pattern and amount required for trans-complementation, is not feasible.
  • 998
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Phage Engineering
Along with the excessive use of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a public health problem and a great challenge vis-à-vis the control and treatment of bacterial infections. As the natural predators of bacteria, phages have reattracted researchers’ attentions. Phage therapy is regarded as one of the most promising alternative strategies to fight pathogens in the post-antibiotic era. Recently, genetic and chemical engineering methods have been applied in phage modification. Among them, genetic engineering includes the expression of toxin proteins, modification of host recognition receptors, and interference of bacterial phage-resistant pathways. Chemical engineering, meanwhile, involves crosslinking phage coats with antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, heavy metal ions, and photothermic matters. Those advances greatly expand the host range of phages and increase their bactericidal efficiency, which sheds light on the application of phage therapy in the control of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
  • 997
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Renewable Feedstocks on PHA Production by Extremophiles
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with immense potential in addressing the global plastic pollution crisis and advancing sustainable bioplastics production. Extremophiles are capable of utilizing a broad range of carbonaceous substrates for their growth and metabolism. Production of PHA using refined or pure sugar substrates leads to an increase in overall production cost (approximately 30–50%). Thus, the use of renewable feedstocks may reduce the overall cost, provided that the processing of such biomass to generate simple sugars should not be complex and/or expensive. Few studies have shown PHA production by extremophiles fed on renewable feedstocks such as those from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes. Among them, spent cooking oils, crude glycerol, and cheese whey are some of the important and low-cost substrates that come from various industries. In addition, it has been argued that the use of methane by thermophilic methanotrophs results in a reduction of up to 22% in PHA production cost. Other C1 carbon sources such as CO2 can also be used for PHA production. 
  • 997
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Whole Genome Amplification and the appropriate DNA polymerases
In the same way that specialized DNA polymerases (DNAPs) replicate cellular and viral genomes, only a handful of dedicated proteins from various natural origins as well as engineered versions are appropriate for competent exponential amplification of whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA). Different applications have led to the development of diverse protocols, based on various DNAPs. Isothermal whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA) is currently widely used due to the high performance of Φ29 DNA polymerase, but polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are also available and can provide competent amplification of certain samples. Replication fidelity and processivity must be considered when selecting a suitable enzyme for WGA. However, other properties, such as thermostability, capacity to couple replication, and double helix unwinding, or the ability to maintain DNA replication opposite to damaged bases, are also very relevant for some applications.
  • 997
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Ascochyta Blight in Chickpea
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), one of the most cultivated legumes worldwide, is crucial for the economy of several countries and a valuable source of nutrients. Yields may be severely affected by Ascochyta blight, a disease caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei. 
  • 994
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gut Microbiota
Autism is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by early onset difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It is characterized by familial aggregation, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in disease development, in addition to developmentally early environmental factors. An intimate relationship between ASD and several medical comorbidities, such as sleep problems and many psychiatry-related comorbidities, i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), anxiety, mood problems, and disruptive behavior, was reported. Anyway, gastrointestinal comorbidities have a special role in their association with ASD. Indeed, since 1943, Kanner reported that ASD subjects showed severe feeding difficulties from their first days of life. Studies related to this association have crossed the entire path of evolution of knowledge on ASD. This association sustained a close relationship between ASD and gut microbiota.
  • 992
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tuning Catalytic Activity of Nanozymes
Nanozymes are alternatives to natural enzymes but remain slightly inferior in catalytic activity. Thus, it is necessary to focus on several important factors that affect the enzymatic activity of nanozymes as well as strategies to enhance activity, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for the design of nanozymes. One of the distinct features of enzymes are their ultrahigh reaction rate. Correspondingly, nanozymes with comparable or even superior activity are long-standing pursuits.
  • 991
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bioencapsulation of Microbial Inoculants
The role of inoculants, such as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), on plants is to improve plant growth, production and resistance against several phytopathogens. These microorganisms are used as different types of formulations, prepared accordingly to the desired function or effect of the microorganism to be used. 
  • 989
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HCH Removal in a Biochar-Amended Biofilter
The biochar biofilter proved to be 96% efficient at cleaning HCH and its transformation products from drainage water, a significant improvement over classic biofilter that remove, on average, 68% of HCH. Although iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Gallionella and Sulfuricurvum, were dominant in the biochar bed outflows, they were absent in sediments, which were rich in Simplicispira, Rhodoluna, Rhodoferax, and Flavobacterium. The presence of functional genes involved in the biodegradation of HCH isomers and their byproducts was confirmed in both systems. The high effectiveness of the biochar biofilter displayed in this study should further encourage the use of biochar in water treatment solutions, e.g., for temporary water purification installations during the construction of other long-term wastewater treatment technologies, or even as final solutions at contaminated sites.
  • 988
  • 10 Dec 2021
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