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Topic Review
Antibiotics and Steroids on Nasal Microbiomein CRS Patients
The nasal microbiome represents the main environmental factor of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antibiotics and steroids constitute the mainstay of CRS therapies. 
  • 658
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rapid Methods for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) straightaway showed its tendency to mutate and adapt to the host, culminating in the emergence of variants; so it immediately became of crucial importance to be able to detect them quickly but also to be able to monitor in depth the changes on the whole genome to early identify the new possibly emerging variants.
  • 656
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aspergillus in Lung Transplant Recipients
Fungal infections are a significant source of morbidity in the lung transplant population via direct allograft damage and predisposing patients to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to limit allograft damage.  Aspergillus is among one of the most common sources of fungal infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR).
  • 656
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein–Barr Virus
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV.
  • 654
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Musculoskeletal Dysfunction
Although coronaviral infections are mainly linked to respiratory symptoms, skeletal-related risks and complications are also identified.
  • 651
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Origin Components
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes intrahospital complications such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary infections, bacteraemia, and, in some cases, death. Since this bacterium has a higher frequency than other Gram-negative pathogens, it has become an important pathogen to the health sector. The adaptative genome of Kpn likely facilitates increased survival of the pathogen in diverse situations.
  • 649
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis D
Peg-IFN is the only therapy for chronic hepatitis D (CHD) recommended by professional societies (not approved by Drug Regulatory Agencies); it has limited efficacy, and valid treatment of CHD has so far remained an unmet medical need
  • 643
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening in Ireland
Ireland is a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis (TB) that should be aiming for TB elimination. To achieve TB elimination in low-incidence countries, programmatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management is important. This requires high-quality latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening.
  • 643
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
April 25: World Malaria Day
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It primarily affects red blood cells, leading to cycles of fever, chills, and severe complications if untreated.
  • 642
  • 27 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Infective Endocarditis in the Elderly
The term “elderly” corresponds to different ages in the literature, but it is defined by considerable comorbidity and heterogeneity. Cancer incidence, specifically colorectal cancer, is increased in older patients with IE and impacts its outcome. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) in elderly patients is challenging due to the atypical presentation of the disease and the lower performance of imaging studies. Enterococcal etiology is more frequent than in younger patients. 
  • 637
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Heteroatom/Metal-Doped Carbon Dot-Based Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are advanced nanomaterials with a size of 2–10 nm and are considered zero-dimensional carbonaceous materials. CNDs have received great attention in the area of cancer theranostics. 
  • 637
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Pathogens in Aquaponic Systems
The union of aquaculture and hydroponics is named aquaponics—a system where microorganisms, fish and plants coexist in a water environment. Bacteria are essential in processes which are fundamental for the functioning and equilibrium of aquaponic systems.
  • 637
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mast Cells against Fungal Host Defense
Mast cells take part in host defense against various microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, exert several essential mechanisms of pathogen destruction, and they express pattern recognition receptors. MCs can support immune responses to fungi and their specific constituents through initiated degranulation, synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines, mediators, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as immune cells' recruitment, phagocytosis, or formation of extracellular DNA traps. 
  • 636
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Infections in Acute Care Surgery
The burden of infections in acute care surgery (ACS) is huge. Surgical emergencies alone account for three million admissions per year in the United States (US) with estimated financial costs of USD 28 billion per year. Acute care facilities and ACS patients represent boost sanctuaries for the emergence, development and transmission of infections and multi-resistant organisms.
  • 635
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbe-Specific Targeting by β-Lactams and Ureas
β-Lactams have been viewed as universal acylating agents of serine and cysteine enzymes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Their use has been propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic, thus broadening their application as inhibitors of viral enzymes. The urea-based drugs have been extensively studied as inhibitors of the aforementioned enzymes.
  • 635
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aspirin and Infection
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. It derives from the extract of white willow (Salix alba) bark. The first evidence of the therapeutic use of salix (now known as willow) dates back to 1534 BC from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, considered the most comprehensive medical papyrus ever recovered. Then, the use of willow bark continued through ancient Greece and through to Roman times. In the 19th century, scientists were able to produce a compound from the crystals isolated from willow bark which was named salicylic acid and in 1852, salicylic acid was acetylated for the first time to reduce its irritant properties. In 1899, aspirin was coined.
  • 633
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Tools for Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen of pigs that can cause infections in humans who are in close contact with infected animals and/or contaminated pork-derived products, as well as those who have consumed raw pork products. Several molecular methods have been applied to investigate S. suis strain diversity and identify phylogenetic groups. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), commonly used to differentiate between S. suis strains, has been instrumental in identifying that the species is genetically highly diverse. Recent advances in whole-genome analysis have resulted in schemes permitting the classification of S. suis populations as pathogenic or non-pathogenic, or disease-associated or non-disease associated. 
  • 627
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Boosters, Immunosenescence and Vaccinces of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic appears to be slowly diminishing with the passage of time with enhancement of preventive and therapeutic strategies, like social distancing, good hand washing, and use of antimicrobial mouth rinses. However, evolving clinical research and observations have resulted in additional recognized systemic manifestations, including but not necessarily limited to multiple organ dysfunction, hypercoagulation, acute lung injury, and multi-organ failure, including the kidneys and heart. These systemic complications associated with COVID-19 may have lingering effects with long haul COVID patients. Immunosenescense may limit the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and contribute to “breakthrough infections” despite vaccinations. Vaccines and boosters against SARS-CoV-2 and optimal systemic and oral health may prevent the spread of COVID-19 and increase survival. Current data for appropriate booster intervals is contingent on existing, recognized risk factors of vaccinated patients coupled with rate and extent of immunosenescense. 
  • 627
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Non-Gastroenterological Diseases
The gut microbiota has a critical function in human health, and its various disorders are associated with the development of particular diseases. Disruption of the gut microbiota may lead to both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases, such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, or neuropsychiatric diseases. In this context, it is not surprising that gut microbiota modification methods may constitute a therapy whose potential has not yet been fully investigated. In this regard, the most interesting method is thought to be fecal microbiota transplantation, which consists of the simultaneous replacement of the intestinal microbiota of a sick recipient with fecal material from a healthy donor. 
  • 626
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hyperbaric Oxygen in Restoring Host Homeostasis
Sepsis and septic shock continue to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis was previously thought to be an overwhelming, systemic, proinflammatory response to infection, which was followed by a phase of immunosuppression. New paradigms suggest that the proinflammatory and immunosuppression phases occurs simultaneously, and the pathophysiology begind the disease complex is not only explained by the pathogen’s type, load and virulence, but to a large extend also by host’s dysregulated response to infection. Many of these dysregulated host immune responses that occurs in sepsis are also targets of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment. HBO2 treatment has been shown to improve survival in clinical studies on patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections as well as experimental sepsis models. Inflammation and oxygen-sensing pathways are connected on the cellular level in a self-reinforcing and detrimental manner in inflammatory conditions, which may be interrupted when intervening with HBO2 treatment. HBO2 treatment acts to maintain homeostasis by protecting the host from collateral tissue damage during resistance to infection by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps, inhibiting neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and halting the Warburg effect, while also aiding the host in tolerance to infection by reducing iron-mediated injury and upregulating anti-inflammatory measures.
  • 626
  • 01 Sep 2023
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