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Topic Review
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania that can be lethal if not treated. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in Asia and in Eastern Africa, where the pathogens’ reservoir is represented by humans, and by Leishmania infantum in Latin America and in the Mediterranean area, where VL is a zoonotic disease and dog is the main reservoir. 
  • 369
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Brucella Spondylitis
The most prevalent zoonotic disease is brucellosis, which poses a significant threat for worldwide public health. Particularly in endemic areas, spinal involvement is a major source of morbidity and mortality and can complicate the course of the disease. 
  • 367
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in the Post-Genomic Era
Constantly evolving drug-resistant “superbugs” have caused an urgent demand for novel antimicrobial agents. Natural products and their analogs have been a prolific source of antimicrobial agents, even though a high rediscovery rate and less targeted research has made the field challenging in the pre-genomic era. With recent advancements in technology, natural product research is gaining new life. Genome mining has allowed for more targeted excavation of biosynthetic potential from natural sources that was previously overlooked. Researchers use bioinformatic algorithms to rapidly identify and predict antimicrobial candidates by studying the genome before even entering the lab.
  • 366
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microbe-Specific Targeting by β-Lactams and Ureas
β-Lactams have been viewed as universal acylating agents of serine and cysteine enzymes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Their use has been propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic, thus broadening their application as inhibitors of viral enzymes. The urea-based drugs have been extensively studied as inhibitors of the aforementioned enzymes.
  • 365
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aspirin and Infection
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. It derives from the extract of white willow (Salix alba) bark. The first evidence of the therapeutic use of salix (now known as willow) dates back to 1534 BC from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, considered the most comprehensive medical papyrus ever recovered. Then, the use of willow bark continued through ancient Greece and through to Roman times. In the 19th century, scientists were able to produce a compound from the crystals isolated from willow bark which was named salicylic acid and in 1852, salicylic acid was acetylated for the first time to reduce its irritant properties. In 1899, aspirin was coined.
  • 364
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Buruli Ulcers
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule or nodule that gradually develops into a large ulcer that can cause substantial impairment, damaging soft tissues and even bones.
  • 364
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Tract
Since its first report in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 has become a pandemic, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although the virus primarily affects the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal symptoms are also common.
  • 361
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapy in Children with Hematological Malignancies
Targeted therapy differs from the conventional cytotoxic therapy in its specificity of targeted pathways that can halt the growth and spread of cancer cells rather than killing indiscriminately every rapidly dividing cell. Since 1985 when the first agent targeting antigens on the surface of lymphocytes was approved (muromonab-CD3), a multitude of such therapies have been used in children with hematologic malignancies. 
  • 360
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Manifestations of Chikungunya Infection
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can cause long lasting symptoms and manifestations. The most frequent ocular symptoms of CHIKV infection included ocular pain, inflammation and reduced visual acuity, whilst conjunctivitis and optic neuritis were the most common manifestations of the disease. 
  • 353
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Limited Access to Drug in Malaria Control
Malaria burden has severe impact on the world. Several arsenals, including the use of antimalarials, are in place to curb the malaria burden. Limited access to drugs ensures that patients do not get the right doses of the antimalarials in order to have an effective plasma concentration to kill the malaria parasites, which leads to treatment failure and overall reduction in malaria control via increased transmission rate. 
  • 351
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microorganisms Affect Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Patients
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a primary inherited immunodeficiency disease that presents before the age of three months and can be fatal. It is usually due to opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa resulting in a decrease in number and impairment in the function of T and B cells. Microorganisms can affect SCID Patients' condition.
  • 351
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in the MENA Region
Mycobacterium bovis is the etiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a serious infectious disease in both humans and animals. BTB is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle and occasionally humans infected through close contact with infected hosts or the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Zoonotic tuberculosis is strongly associated with poverty and poor hygiene, and low- and middle-income countries bear the brunt of the disease. The epidemiologic trends of M. bovis infection varied across the MENA countries, likely influenced by the population size, characteristics of the targeted population, the geographical region, and the rigor of the adopted diagnostic tools and investigation methods. Additionally, the heterogeneity of BTB prevalence has been also associated with other factors such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination status, the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, and the efficiency of national surveillance programs and BTB control measures.
  • 349
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Drug Candidates Targeting HTLV-1 and Related Diseases
Among the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types, HTLV-1 is the most prevalent, and it has been linked to a spectrum of diseases, including HAM/TSP, ATLL, and hyperinfection syndrome or disseminated strongyloidiasis. There is no globally standard first-line treatment for HTLV-1 infection and its related diseases. To address this, a comprehensive research was conducted, analyzing 30 recent papers from databases PubMed, CAPES journals, and the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The studies encompassed a wide range of therapeutic approaches, including antiretrovirals, immunomodulators, antineoplastics, amino acids, antiparasitics, and even natural products and plant extracts. Notably, the category with the highest number of articles was related to drugs for the treatment of ATLL. Studies employing mogamulizumab as a new perspective for ATLL received greater attention in the last 5 years, demonstrating efficacy, safe use in the elderly, significant antitumor activity, and increased survival time for refractory patients. Concerning HAM/TSP, despite corticosteroid being recommended, a more randomized clinical trial is needed to support treatment other than corticoids. The research also included a comprehensive review of the drugs used to treat disseminated strongyloidiasis in co-infection with HTLV-1, including their administration form, in order to emphasize gaps and facilitate the development of other studies aiming at better-directed methodologies. Additionally, docking molecules and computer simulations show promise in identifying novel therapeutic targets and repurposing existing drugs. These advances are crucial in developing more effective and targeted treatments against HTLV-1 and its related diseases.
  • 349
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B
The knowledge of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its natural history is important to facilitate an accurate management of the chronic HBV infection (CHB). The major concepts are: (a) once infection occurs, HBV persists in almost all infected individuals, even after Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) clearance; (b) the interplay between HBV and the host’s immune system is the driving force of the outcomes of HBV infection; and (c) a minor proportion of HBV carriers develop progressive liver disease and eventually die because of complications of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • 348
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Pneumonia
Legionella pneumonia is a relatively rare but extremely progressive pulmonary infection with high mortality. Traditional cultural isolation remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia. However, its harsh culture conditions, long turnaround time, and suboptimal sensitivity do not meet the clinical need for rapid and accurate diagnosis, especially for critically ill patients. Pathogenic detection techniques including serological assays, urinary antigen tests, and mass spectrometry, as well as nucleic acid amplification technique, have been developed, and each has its own advantages and limitations. 
  • 348
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Involvement in Long COVID
COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. Long COVID is a complicated and multidimensional illness that affects a large proportion of those recovering from an acute COVID-19 infection. It has been linked to a variety of symptoms and problems, including chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, respiratory troubles, cardiovascular irregularities, and psychological discomfort.
  • 347
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19
Active vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3—calcitriol] is a secosteroid hormone whose receptor is expressed on all cells of the immune system. Vitamin D has a global anti-inflammatory effect and its role in the management of a SARS-CoV-2 infection has been investigated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 346
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thromboinflammation in Sepsis and COVID-19
Sepsis and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) patients often manifest an imbalance in inflammation and coagulation, a complex pathological mechanism also named thromboinflammation, which strongly affects patient prognosis.
  • 346
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes' Signaling Pathways in Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing
Impaired healing of diabetic wounds harms patients’ quality of life and even leads to disability and death, which is an urgent issue to be solved clinically. Exosomes have attracted special attention because they can be involved in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, tumor invasion and other processes. The signaling pathways that exosomes modulate to accelerate diabetic wound healing include PI3K/Akt, Wnt, NF-κB, MAPK, Notch, Nrf2, HIF-1α/VEGF, TGF-β/Smad and so on.
  • 345
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Fungal Keratitis
Fungal keratitis (FK) is one of the most devastating corneal infectious diseases caused by opportunistic infection of fungi. FK has an abysmal visual prognosis, potentially leading to blindness, and thus requires accurate diagnosis. 
  • 344
  • 01 Dec 2021
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