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Topic Review
On-Demand Drug Delivery Systems Using Nanofibers
On-demand drug-delivery systems using nanofibers are extensively applicable for customized drug release based on target location and timing to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. A nanofiber formulation is typically created for a certain medication and changing the drug may have a significant impact on the release kinetics from the same delivery system. Nanofibers have several distinguishing features and properties, including the ease with which they may be manufactured, the variety of materials appropriate for processing into fibers, a large surface area, and a complex pore structure. Nanofibers with effective drug-loading capabilities, controllable release, and high stability have gained the interest of researchers owing to their potential applications in on-demand drug delivery systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Electrode Materials in DESs
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are a new class of solvents characterized by a remarkable decrease in melting point compared to those of the starting components. The eutectic mixtures can be simply prepared by mixing a Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) with a Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) at a temperature of about 80 °C.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Performance Attenuation of Nano-Modified Concrete under High Temperature
The effect of nanoparticles on the hydration of cement depends not only on the type of material but also on the temperature. A certain amount of nanomaterials can effectively improve the mechanical properties of concrete, and when nano concrete is exposed to high temperatures, its internal structure and mechanisms are relatively altered. Under the temperature conditions studied of 40 °C to 70 °C, nano-SiO2 and nano-C-S-H shortened the induction period and the arrival time of the peak heat release rate of hydration, and nano-C-S-H also increased the peak heat release rate. The addition of nanoparticles and high temperatures led to the early production of hydrate layers. Emerging concepts propose inorganic insulation nanomaterials to reduce energy use and consumption and to plan and design green buildings. The science and engineering of nanotechnology have improved the high-temperature performance of concrete. The addition of nano-SiO2 can improve the role of the thermal insulation capacity of concrete, due to the dense internal structure, increasing the specific heat capacity and reducing the thermal diffusivity. Concrete in high-temperature areas is prone to structural damage and these damages seriously affect the service life of buildings. There is a need to conduct research and develop new nanomaterial-modified concrete with good mechanical properties and durability at high temperatures. NC and NS-modified concrete have a good evaluation in terms of economy and performance, because the constant deterioration of extreme high-temperature environments on concrete is a long-term impact, while whether nano concrete has a lot of resistance is based on the effects of fire and internal ambient temperature. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pillararenes Trimer for Self-Assembly
Pillararenes trimer with particularly designed structural geometry and excellent capacity of recognizing guest molecules is a very efficient and attractive building block for the fabrication of advanced self-assembled materials. Pillararenes trimers could be prepared via both covalent and noncovalent bonds. The classic organic synthesis reactions such as click reaction, Palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction, amidation, esterification and aminolysis are employed to build covalent bonds and integrate three pieces of pillararenes subunits together into the “star-shaped” trimers and linear foldamers. Alternatively, pillararenes trimers could also be assembled in the form of host-guest inclusions and mechanically interlocked molecules via noncovalent interactions, and during those procedures, pillararenes units contribute the cavity for recognizing guest molecules and act as a “wheel” subunit, respectively. By fully utilizing the driving forces such as host-guest interactions, charge transfer, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, C—H…π and π—π stacking interactions, pillararenes trimers-based supramolecular self-assemblies provide a possibility in the construction of multi-dimensional materials such as vesicular and tubular aggregates, layered networks, as well as frameworks. Interestingly, those assembled materials exhibit interesting external stimuli responsiveness to e.g., variable concentrations, changed pH values, different temperature, as well as the addition/removal of competition guests and ions. Thus, they could further be used for diverse applications such as detection, sorption and separation of significant multi-analytes including metal cations, anions and amino acids.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
In Silico Materials Development
Machine learning has been an emerging scientific field serving the modern multidisciplinary needs in the Materials Science and Manufacturing sector. The taxonomy and mapping of nanomaterial properties based on data analytics is going to ensure safe and green manufacturing with consciousness raised on effective resource management. The utilization of predictive modelling tools empowered with artificial intelligence (AI) has proposed novel paths in materials discovery and optimization, while it can further stimulate the cutting-edge and data-driven design of a tailored behavioral profile of nanomaterials to serve the special needs of application environments. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Titanium Dioxide-Derived Materials with Superwettability
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in various fields both in daily life and industry owing to its excellent photoelectric properties and its induced superwettability. Generally, superwettability refers to superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, superamphiphilic, and superamphiphobic surfaces; the mechanism of the superwettability property can be explained based on the surface structure of materials, surface molecules, and external influencing factors. Over the past several decades, various methods have been reported to improve the wettability of TiO2 and plenty of practical applications have been developed. The TiO2-derived materials with different morphologies display a variety of functions including photocatalysis, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, etc. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Guided Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a heterogeneous group of aging-related disorders featured by progressive impairment of motor and/or cognitive functions, often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. NDs are denoted as ‘protein misfolding’ diseases or proteinopathies, and are classified according to their known genetic mechanisms and/or the main protein involved in disease onset and progression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Based Sensor
The development of a sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the detection of trace levels of cocaine is described in this paper. NanoMIPs for cocaine detection, synthesized using a solid phase, were applied as the sensing element. The nanoMIPs were first characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering and found to be ~148.35 ± 24.69 nm in size, using TEM. The nanoMIPs were then covalently attached to gold screen-printed electrodes and a cocaine direct binding assay was developed and optimized, using EIS as the sensing principle. EIS was recorded at a potential of 0.12 V over the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 50 kHz, with a modulation voltage of 10 mV. The nanoMIPs sensor was able to detect cocaine in a linear range between 100 pg mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.984; p-value = 0.00001) and with a limit of detection of 0.24 ng mL-1 (0.70 nM). The sensor showed no cross-reactivity toward morphine and a negligible response toward levamisole after optimizing the sensor surface blocking and assay conditions. The developed sensor has the potential to offer a highly sensitive, portable and cost-effective method forcocaine detection.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Equipment for Dual Centrifugation
Dual centrifugation (DC) is an innovative in-vial homogenization and in-vial nanomilling technique that has been in use for the preparation of liposomes. DC has continuously been developed for preparing various liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles including emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as well as polymersomes and nanocrystals. Improvements in equipment technology have been achieved, so that DC is now on its way to becoming the quasi-standard for the simple, fast, and aseptic production of lipid nanoparticles and nanocrystals in small and medium batch sizes, including the possibility of simple and fast formulation screening or bedside preparations of therapeutic nanoparticles.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
[M(Salen)] Complexes, Their Polymers, and Composites Based Thereon
The polymers of square–planar complexes of 3d metal (M) atoms with tetradentate N2O2 Schiff base ligands, the so-called salen complexes ([M(Salen)]), are characterized by high redox conductivity, electrochromic behavior, and selective catalytic activity in heterogeneous reactions (including electrocatalysis). An important advantage of these polymers is also their high thermal stability (up to 350 °C) compared with monomer complexes due to their conductive polymer matrix. It is also expected that the synthesis of nanocomposites based on poly-[M(Salen)] and various forms of carbon (mesoporous and activated carbon), including nanostructured ones (carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoglobular carbon), will lead to the development of materials with improved energetic, catalytic, and other characteristics. This quality improvement is achieved due to the uniform distribution of the polymer on the surface of the carbon component of the composite material, which has a high specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties (strength, elasticity).
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fungi-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanosensors for Reactive Organophosphates
Reactive organophosphates (OPs) comprise of collectively a group of phosphorous-based toxic chemicals that cause life-threatening toxic symptoms in humans. These include nerve agents and agricultural pesticides. Nanomaterial applications offer a high potential in developing nanosensors for sensitive OP detection and quantitative analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Halogen-Doped Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Application, and Prospects
Carbon dots (CDs) have many advantages, such as tunable photoluminescence, large two-photon absorption cross-sections, easy functionalization, low toxicity, chemical inertness, good dispersion, and biocompatibility. Halogen doping further improves the optical and physicochemical properties of CDs, extending their applications in fluorescence sensors, biomedicine, photocatalysis, anti-counterfeiting encryption, and light-emitting diodes. The preparation of CDs via the “top-down” and “bottom-up”approaches and the preparation methods and applications of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)-doped CDs were discussed here. The main challenges of CDs in the future are the elucidation of the luminescence mechanism, fine doping with elements (proportion, position, etc.), and their incorporation in practical devices.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pt Nanocatalyst in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
Fuel cells (FCs) provide electricity via the generation of ion carriers by electrocatalysis at the electrodes as well as a positive or negative ion transport mechanism and direction of motion through electrolyte membranes. Pt nanomaterials are used in the catalytic layer components of low-temperature FCs associated with the clean H2 fuel industry, which are the most successful and typical examples of generating clean electric energy and power.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics of Phenol Content in POME
The global population has increased significantly, resulting in elevated levels of pollution in waterways. Organic pollutants are a major source of water pollution in various parts of the world, with phenolic compounds being the most common hazardous pollutant. These compounds are released from industrial effluents, such as palm oil milling effluent (POME), and cause several environmental issues. Adsorption is known to be an efficient method for mitigating water contaminants, with the ability to eliminate phenolic contaminants even at low concentrations. Carbon-based materials have been reported to be effective composite adsorbents for phenol removal due to their excellent surface features and impressive sorption capability. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
This entry analyzed the different roles of nanomaterials, such as contrast agent and dose enhancer, in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. Moreover, the review discussed the underlying mechanisms of nanomaterials including physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Some new applications of nanomaterials as theranostic agents are explored. Through a thorough understanding of the recent advances in nanomaterial application in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy, we identified new directions for the optimization and clinical transformation of nanomaterials.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fluorescent Materials for Mitochondrial Biology
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles. The mitochondrial inner membrane has characteristic folds, called cristae, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions, and it is enclosed by a permeable mitochondrial outer membrane, which completes the double membrane-bound architecture of mitochondria. Mitochondria undergo dynamic movement inside cells by fusion and fission and build large interconnected intracellular networks, a process which is called mitochondrial dynamics.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Manganese Oxide Carbon-Based Nanocomposite
The application of Manganese oxide (denoted as MnOx hereafter) in SCs was first reported in 1999. Since then, MnOx has been widely studied as an active, low-cost, and biofriendly ECs material. Why are manganese or its oxides are so appealing for SCs applications? First, manganese is a transition metal with five unpaired electrons, which possesses the most oxidation states, including the highest oxidation state (VII) in the entire periodic table. Due to its unique electronic structure, manganese is extremely redox-active, thus, it exists in several oxide forms. Second, Manganese is the most abundant transition metal among oxides which are pseudocapacitive. Third, MnOx exhibits high theoretical capacitance (1370 F/g for MnO2 for instance) with a wide positive potential window compared to other transition metal oxides. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Dots in Biotechnology and Food Technology
Materials with a “nano” structure are increasingly used in medicine and biotechnology as drug delivery systems, bioimaging agents or biosensors in the monitoring of toxic substances, heavy metals and environmental variations. Furthermore, in the food industry, they have found applications as detectors of food adulteration, microbial contamination and even in packaging for monitoring product freshness. Carbon dots (CDs) as materials with broad as well as unprecedented possibilities could revolutionize the economy, if only their synthesis was based on low-cost natural sources. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
The advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for large-scale intelligent sensing systems. The periodic replacement of power sources for ubiquitous sensing systems leads to significant resource waste and environmental pollution. Human staffing costs associated with replacement also increase the economic burden. The triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide both an energy harvesting scheme and the possibility of self-powered sensing. Based on contact electrification from different materials, TENGs provide a rich material selection to collect complex and diverse data. As the data collected by TENGs become increasingly numerous and complex, different approaches to machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms have been proposed to efficiently process output signals.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Mar 2024
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