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Topic Review
Clean Electricity Policies
Due to the heavy stress on environmental deterioration and the excessive consumption of fossil resources, the transition of global energy from fossil fuel energy to clean energy is significantly accelerated in recent years. The power industry and policymakers in almost all countries are focusing on clean energy development. Thanks to progressive clean energy policies, significant progress in clean energy integration and greenhouse gas reduction has been achieved around the world. However, due to the differences in economic structures, clean energy distributions, and development models, clean energy policy scope, focus, and coverage vary between different countries, states, and utilities. This paper aims at providing a policy review for readers to easily obtain clean energy policy information on various clean energies in the U.S. and some other countries. Firstly, this paper reviews and compares some countries' clean energy policies on electricity. Then taking the U.S. as an example, introducing the clean energy policies of some representative states and utilities in the U.S in perspectives of renewable energies, electric vehicles, and energy storage.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Applications of Kapok Fiber
Photocatalytic Kapok fiber is recognized as one of the most resilient and effective material sources accessible for environmental rehabilitation and energy production due to its exceptional photocatalytic performance, hollow structure, great renewability, and compressibility. There are, however, few detailed reviews on this matter with strong photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the most recent explosive advancement in photocatalytic kapok fiber, including various kapok fiber materials and overall fabrication methodologies, was examined to evaluate this advanced research. Pollutant absorption, photocatalytic degradation, hydrogen production, and CO2 reduction were the main applications of this photocatalytic Kapok fiber.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Gas Consumption Model for Polish Industrial Consumers
The transmission of natural gas is a key element of the Polish energy system. The published data of the Polish distribution system operators and the transmission system operator on the volume of gaseous fuel transmitted indicate a growing trend in the consumption of energy produced from natural gas. In connection with the energy transformation, switching energy generation sources from hard coal to natural gas in Poland, it is important for transmission operators to know the future demand for gaseous fuel.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Particle Swarm Optimization in Residential Demand-Side Management
Power networks at the distribution level are becoming more complex in their behavior and more heavily stressed due to the growth of decentralized energy sources. Demand response (DR) programs can increase the level of flexibility on the demand side by discriminating the consumption patterns of end-users from their typical profiles in response to market signals. The exploitation of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in demand response applications has attracted increasing interest. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational intelligence (CI) method that belongs to the field of AI and is widely used for resources scheduling, mainly due to its relatively low complexity and computational requirements and its ability to identify near-optimal solutions in a reasonable timeframe.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Combined Renewable Energy–Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Industrial civilization relies on conventional energy sources and utilizes large and inefficient energy conversion systems. Increasing concerns regarding conventional fuel supplies and their environmental impacts (including greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change) have promoted the importance of renewable energy (RE) sources for generating electricity and heat.
  • 999
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind
With the increase in renewable energy connected to the grid, new challenges arise due to its variable supply of power. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new methods of storing energy. Hydrogen can fulfil the role of energy storage and even act as an energy carrier, since it has a much higher energetic density than batteries and can be easily stored. Considering that the offshore wind sector is facing significant growth and technical advances, hydrogen has the potential to be combined with offshore wind energy to aid in overcoming disadvantages such as the high installation cost of electrical transmission systems and transmission losses. This paper aims to outline and discuss the main features of the integration of hydrogen solutions in offshore wind power and to offer a literature review of the current state of hydrogen production from offshore wind.
  • 997
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Key Issues in Hypersonic Propulsion
This entry summarizes and discusses some critical aspects of flying hypersonically. The first is the L/D (lift over drag) ratio determining thrust and that in turn depends on the slenderness Küchemann’s τ parameter. This second parameter is found to depend on the relative importance of wave versus friction drag. Ultimately, all engineering drag is argued to depend on vorticity formed at the expense of the vehicle kinetic energy, thus requiring work by thrust. 
  • 997
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bioleaching of Sorghum Straw in Bioreactors
Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable feedstock to produce biofuels and biochemicals. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of bioleaching, with its superior capability of removing certain inorganic compounds compared to water leaching, to improve biomass quality for thermochemical conversion in biofuel production.
  • 997
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thermal Performance of a Billboard External Receiver
The receiver serves as a critical component in tower-type concentrated solar power plants. The current entry experimentally evaluated the thermal efficiency of bill-board shaped receiver to be employed in concentrated solar power plants.
  • 996
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Offshore Wind Turbines
With offshore wind turbines at a mature stage, and considered reliable and consolidated machines, the margins for enhancement of the technology itself and of already installed turbines themselves are becoming increasingly limited.
  • 995
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Electricity Consumption in China
China’s electricity consumption presents a significant spatial spill over effect, and the spatial agglomeration of electricity consumption in local regions is mainly HH clusters. A 1% positive change in financial development causes an increase of 0.089% in electricity consumption, but a 1% rise in financial development reduces electricity consumption of neighboring regions by 0.051%. A 1% positive change in trade openness decreases electricity consumption by 0.051%, while the spatial spillover effect of trade openness is not significant. It is also found that financial development has a long-term promoting effect on electricity consumption, while trade openness has a long-term inhibiting effect on electricity consumption. 
  • 993
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Power Demand-Side Regulation
Demand-side management provides important opportunities to integrate renewable sources and enhance the flexibility of urban power systems. With the continuous advancement of the smart grid and electricity market reform, the potential for residential consumers to participate in energy demand response is significantly enhanced. However, not enough is known about the public perception of energy demand response, and how sociopsychological and external factors could affect public willingness to participate.
  • 990
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Available Renewable Energy Technologies
Several technologies are used to generate energy in hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) depending on the type of energy to be generated—electrical or thermal—or on the availability of renewable energy sources to be used by the system. The presented technologies are the ones that are conventionally used in HRES to produce energy from the specific renewable energy source and are commercially available on the market.
  • 988
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sensitivity Analysis and Anaerobic Digestion Modeling
A growing awareness of global climate change has led to an increased interest in investigating renewable energy sources, such as the anaerobic digestion of biomass. This process utilizes a wide range of microbial communities to degrade biodegradable material in feedstock through a complex series of biochemical interactions. Anaerobic digestion exhibits nonlinear dynamics due to the complex and interacting biochemical processes involved. Due to its dynamic and nonlinear behavior, uncertain feedstock quality, and sensitivity to the process’s environmental conditions, anaerobic digestion is highly susceptible to instabilities. Therefore, in order to model and operate a biogas production unit effectively, it is necessary to understand which parameters are most influential on the model outputs.
  • 985
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Role of Hydrogen in Energy Transformation
Hydrogen, with its potential to decarbonize various sectors, has emerged as a key player in achieving decarbonization and energy sustainability goals. The outlook for hydrogen is characterized by an increasingly central role in the global effort to transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon energy future. 
  • 983
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effect of Carbon Surface on Solid Electrolyte Interphase
Due to their low cost, suitable working potential and high stability, carbon materials have become an irreplaceable anode material for alkali ion batteries, such as lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries and potassium ion batteries. During the initial charge, electrolyte is reduced to form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbon anode surface, which is an electron insulator but a good ion conductor. Thus, a stable surface passivation is obtained, preventing the decomposition of electrolyte in the following cycles. It has been widely accepted that SEI is essential for the long-term performance of batteries, such as calendar life and cycle life. Additionally, the initial coulombic efficiency, rate capability as well as safety of the batteries are dramatically influenced by the SEI. Extensive research efforts have been made to develop advanced SEI on carbon materials via optimization of electrolytes, including solutes, solvents and additives, etc. However, SEI is produced via the catalytic decomposition of electrolyte by the surface of electrode materials.
  • 980
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
KPIs for Smart Energy Systems in Sustainable Universities
Sustainable campus management includes energy-saving measures and waste reduction and has become an important objective to many universities, being part of the institution’s societal responsibility. Smart energy systems (SESs), as part of campus energy management, can bring many benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced energy consumption, reduced emissions, increased reliability, and real-time control, and facilitate the integration of the renewable energy systems (RES). Despite the growing interest in energy efficiency and for the initiatives and projects to implement SESs, there are no universally accepted standards for assessing the performance of SESs, with most techniques being dedicated to subsystems. A KPI (key performance indicator) framework for evaluating the SESs’ performance from university campuses is proposed, starting from the current findings and priorities from the scientific literature, energy standards, legislation, and university rankings. The framework can support the implementation, operation, and evaluation of the SESs from university campuses, based on SES requirements and the stakeholders’ goals. Unlike previously developed solutions, the framework is focused not only on the technical side of SESs but also on the role that education, research, and innovation should have in sustainable development, making universities key contributors to achieving these goals.
  • 979
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Technical–Operational Characteristics of Charcoal Production Systems
The global charcoal trade is steadily growing, with high-income countries importing significant quantities of this material from regions where its production is often associated with severe environmental issues, including forest overexploitation, illegal logging, and environmental pollution. Promoting local charcoal production in high-income countries is crucial to addressing these challenges.
  • 979
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rural clean heating project (RCHP)
Rural clean heating project (RCHP) in China aims to increase flexibility in the rural energy system, enhance the integration of renewable energy and distributed generation, and reduce environmental impact.
  • 977
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Power-to-Gas Technology
Power-to-gas technologies have been gaining ground and are increasingly proving their reliability. The possibility of implementing long-term energy storage and that of being able to capture and utilize carbon dioxide are currently too important to be ignored.
  • 976
  • 06 Sep 2022
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