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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Listericidal Novel Processing Technological Approaches for the Safety of Milk and Dairy Products: A Systematic Review
Listeria monocytogenes is a major public health concern in milk and ready-to-eat dairy products. To meet consumer demand for fresher, minimally processed foods with high nutritional and sensory quality, several non-thermal technologies are being explored as alternatives to conventional heat treatments. This systematic review (2020–2025), following PRISMA guidelines, examines recent applications of selected non-thermal technologies to control Listeria in milk and dairy matrices. Peer-reviewed studies available in full-text, in English or Spanish, focusing on applications at laboratory or pilot plant scales, with milk or dairy produced onsite or purchased, containing Listeria sp., were included. Studies with applications to plant-based or non-dairy products or those not inoculated with Listeria, were excluded. Conference abstracts, corrections, editorials, letters, news, and scientific opinions were excluded as well. The databases searched were Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest, which were last consulted in April 2025. Given the naturality of the review, the risk of bias was assessed through independent screening by two of the researchers, focusing on clear objectives, analytical validity, statistical analysis, and methodology. The results are presented in tabulated format. Of the 157 records identified, 22 were included in this review. Seven of the records reported hurdle technologies, while fifteen reported single technology applications, with high-pressure processing being the most frequent. Limitations observed are primarily the use of unreported strains, a lack of information regarding the initial load of inoculum, and expected log reductions. The equipment used is mostly at the laboratory scale, except for HPP. Non-thermal technologies present a promising option for the control of Listeria in dairy products. The basic principles of GMP, HACCP, and cold-chain control in dairy processing are of special importance in safety assurance. This research was funded by Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, grant number 735-C3-460.
  • 3.4K
  • 10 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Permeation Enhancers of Hormones Penetration through the Skin
Hormones have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to their potential use in treatment of many diseases. Their ability to have a multidirectional effect leads to searching for new and increasingly effective drugs and therapies. Limitations in formulating drug forms containing hormones are mainly due to their low enzymatic stability, short half-life and limited bioavailability. One of the solutions may be to develop a hydrogel as a potential hormone carrier, for epidermal and transdermal application. 
  • 3.4K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Purple Drank
Purple drank is a recreational drug, created by combining prescription-grade cough syrup with a soft drink and hard candy. The concoction originated in Houston, Texas, and is popular among those who belong to the hip hop subculture or reside in the southern United States.
  • 3.4K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review Video Peer Reviewed
Three Kinds of Butterfly Effects within Lorenz Models
Within Lorenz models, the three major kinds of butterfly effects (BEs) are the sensitive dependence on initial conditions (SDIC), the ability of a tiny perturbation to create an organized circulation at large distances, and the hypothetical role of small-scale processes in contributing to finite predictability, referred to as the first, second, and third kinds of butterfly effects (BE1, BE2, and BE3), respectively. A well-accepted definition of the butterfly effect is the BE1 with SDIC, which was rediscovered by Lorenz in 1963. In fact, the use of the term “butterfly” appeared in a conference presentation by Lorenz in 1972, when Lorenz introduced the BE2 as the metaphorical butterfly effect. In 2014, the so-called “real butterfly effect”, which is based on the features of Lorenz’s study in 1969, was introduced as the BE3. 
  • 3.4K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Wind Hybrid Power Systems
Wind hybrid power systems combines wind turbines with other storage and/or generation sources. One of the key issues with wind energy is its intermittent nature. This has led to numerous methods of storing energy.
  • 3.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biblical Apocrypha
The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek ἀπόκρυφος, apókruphos, meaning "hidden") denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments or as an appendix after the New Testament. Some Christian Churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament. Although the term apocrypha had been in use since the 5th century, it was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. To this date, the Apocrypha is "included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches." Moreover, the Revised Common Lectionary, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the liturgical kalendar, although alternate Old Testament scripture lessons are provided. The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books "were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church," and did not serve "to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same," nonetheless, "as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners." Later, during the English Civil War, the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above "other human writings", and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it (see below). Today, "English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again" and they are often printed as intertestamental books. Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by Catholics per the Council of Trent and all of them are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox per the Synod of Jerusalem. The Anglican Communion accepts "the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the Thirty-Nine Articles)", and many "lectionary readings in The Book of Common Prayer are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament". The first Methodist liturgical book, The Sunday Service of the Methodists, employs verses from the Apocrypha, such as in the Eucharistic liturgy. The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles.
  • 3.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Architecture of Dima System
One of the most recent manifestations of avionics system is Distributed Integrated Modular Avionics (DIMA).  The study of DIMA architecture is essential when considering two levels of mappings, that is (1) software modules to hardware components, and (2) hardware components to installation locations. This entry describes the hierarchical design of DIMA, including system layer, hardware layer and installation layer that are linked with a group of constraints and quality measures.
  • 3.4K
  • 26 Apr 2020
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The landscape of management of urinary tract infections (UTI) is changing rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic draws the attention to the SARS-CoV-2 management with a subsequent reduced attention on bacterial infections. The COVID-19 diffusion containing procedures, such as use of facemasks and handwashing, have reduced spreading of bacteria and bacterial lung infections.
  • 3.4K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Work
In physics, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In its simplest form, it is often represented as the product of force and displacement. A force is said to do positive work if (when applied) it has a component in the direction of the displacement of the point of application. A force does negative work if it has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement at the point of application of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done by the gravitational force on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball (a force) multiplied by the distance to the ground (a displacement). When the force F is constant and the angle between the force and the displacement s is θ, then the work done is given by: [math]\displaystyle{ W = F s \cos{\theta} }[/math] Work is a scalar quantity, so it has only magnitude and no direction. Work transfers energy from one place to another, or one form to another. The SI unit of work is the joule (J), the same unit as for energy.
  • 3.4K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Supply Chain Management
Green or sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) involves integrating environmental and economic objectives into the management of the operation strategy of the supply chain. Such integration helps reduce the carbon footprint while increasing financial return and profitability. A wider concept is SSCM, which aims to maximize profitability and, at the same time, reduce the environmental impact and improve the social well-being of the various involved stakeholders.
  • 3.4K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cranial Nerves of Facial Asymmetry
Symmetry of the face is the one of the most important features for the perception of attractiveness. The word “symmetry” derives from Greek and comes from “syn” (together) and “metron” (meter). Symmetry means that both sides of the face, right and left, are alike. The term “asymmetry” refers to dissimilarity between components, altering the balance between structures. Cranial nerve damage, especially the affection of oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and facial nerves, may occur in many neurological conditions. The most common acquired causes of cranial nerve damage are cerebrovascular events, such as ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke.
  • 3.4K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
International Guidelines for Pain Treatment
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) describes chronic pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage. Chronic pain lasting for at least 3 months may impair the social, psychological, and physical sphere of a subject, leading to serious impairment of both their autonomy and mood.
  • 3.4K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sound Source Localization and Detection Methods
Many acoustic detection and localization methods have been developed. However, all of the methods require capturing the audio signal. Therefore, any method’s essential element and requirement is using an acoustic sensor. In addition to converting sound waves into an electrical signal, they also perform other functions, such as: reducing ambient noise, or capturing sounds with frequencies beyond the hearing range of the human ear. Classic methods have stood the test of time and are still widely used due to their simplicity, reliability, and effectiveness. There are three main mathematical methods for determining the sound source. These include triangulation, trilateration, and multilateration
  • 3.4K
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a mathematical formalism that models the dynamics of physical objects. It deals with the elementary constituents of matter (atoms, subatomic and elementary particles) and of radiation. It is very accurate in predicting observable physical phenomena, but has many puzzling properties. The foundations of quantum mechanics are a domain in which physics and philosophy concur in attempting to find a fundamental physical theory that explains the puzzling features of quantum mechanics, while remaining consistent with its mathematical formalism. Several theories have been proposed for different interpretations of quantum mechanics. However, there is no consensus regarding any of these theories.
  • 3.4K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms
Vitamin D is a potent immunonutrient that through its main metabolite calcitriol, regulates the immunomodulation of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and they produce and respond to calcitriol. Genetic association studies have shown that up to 65% of vitamin D serum variance may be explained due to genetic background. 
  • 3.4K
  • 02 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Digital Hydraulic Technology
The digital hydraulic technology as a system which controls a discrete fluid with a modulated, discrete, digital signal directly to realize active and intelligent control of the system output. The hydraulic components with such technical characteristics can be defined as digital hydraulic components. The system composed by digital hydraulic components can also be defined as digital hydraulic system. What is more, the essential feature of digital hydraulic technology is intelligent control; technology which can only realize on/off control cannot be classified as digital hydraulic technology.
  • 3.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Grape Seed Oil
Grape seed extract has demonstrated many activities in disease prevention, such as antioxidant effects, which make it a potential source of nutraceuticals. Grape seed is a remarkable winery industry by-product due to the bioactivity of its constituents. Methods for recovery of oil from grape seeds have evolved to improve both the quantity and quality of the yield. Both the lipophilic and hydrophilic chemicals present in the oil of V. vinifera L. make this wine by-product a source of natural nutraceuticals. Food and non-food industries are becoming novel targets of oil obtained from grape seeds given its various properties.
  • 3.4K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Food Science
Food science is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology. Food science brings together multiple scientific disciplines. It incorporates concepts from fields such as chemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Food technology incorporates concepts from chemical engineering, for example. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce these foods, choice of packaging materials, shelf-life studies, sensory evaluation of products using survey panels or potential consumers, as well as microbiological and chemical testing. Food scientists may study more fundamental phenomena that are directly linked to the production of food products and its properties.
  • 3.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
VC Dimension
In Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, the VC dimension (for Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension) is a measure of the capacity (complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a space of functions that can be learned by a statistical classification algorithm. It is defined as the cardinality of the largest set of points that the algorithm can shatter. It was originally defined by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis. Formally, the capacity of a classification model is related to how complicated it can be. For example, consider the thresholding of a high-degree polynomial: if the polynomial evaluates above zero, that point is classified as positive, otherwise as negative. A high-degree polynomial can be wiggly, so it can fit a given set of training points well. But one can expect that the classifier will make errors on other points, because it is too wiggly. Such a polynomial has a high capacity. A much simpler alternative is to threshold a linear function. This function may not fit the training set well, because it has a low capacity. This notion of capacity is made rigorous below.
  • 3.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Three Phase Induction Motor Drive
An induction motor is generally used in industrial applications because it is reliable, robust, and low cost. Reliability is one of the essential parameters based on which the motor is selected, and the induction motor primarily comes into force. The well-founded induction motor gives good results under various operating states. Dynamic simulation plays a significant part in evaluating the model’s design process to eliminate design errors in typical construction types and when testing the motor drive system. The induction motor is modeled in a synchronously revolving rotor flux-oriented frame, which is used as a reference.
  • 3.4K
  • 16 Jan 2023
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