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The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek ἀπόκρυφος, apókruphos, meaning "hidden") denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments or as an appendix after the New Testament. Some Christian Churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament. Although the term apocrypha had been in use since the 5th century, it was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. To this date, the Apocrypha is "included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches." Moreover, the Revised Common Lectionary, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the liturgical kalendar, although alternate Old Testament scripture lessons are provided.
The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books "were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church," and did not serve "to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same," nonetheless, "as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners." Later, during the English Civil War, the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above "other human writings", and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it (see below). Today, "English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again" and they are often printed as intertestamental books. Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by Catholics per the Council of Trent and all of them are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox per the Synod of Jerusalem. The Anglican Communion accepts "the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the Thirty-Nine Articles)", and many "lectionary readings in The Book of Common Prayer are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament". The first Methodist liturgical book, The Sunday Service of the Methodists, employs verses from the Apocrypha, such as in the Eucharistic liturgy. The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles.
References
- "The Bible". http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml.
- "Jerome's Preface to Samuel and Kings". http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.vii.iii.iv.html.
- "St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation". http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_preface_ezra.htm.
- "Jerome, Prologue to the Books of Solomon (2006)". http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_preface_solomon.htm.
- Kevin P. Edgecomb, Jerome’s Prologue to Jeremiah, http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233
- "Jerome’s Prologue to Judith". http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=224.
- Jerome, "Apology Against Rufinus (Book II)", in Philip Schaff, Henry Wace, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, 3 (1892 ed.), Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. (retrieved from New Advent), http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/27102.htm
- Barber, Michael (2006-03-06). "Loose Canons: The Development of the Old Testament (Part 2)". http://www.thesacredpage.com/2006/03/loose-canons-development-of-old_06.html. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
- Jerome, To Paulinus, Epistle 58 (AD 395), in NPNF2, VI:119.: "Do not, my dearest brother, estimate my worth by the number of my years. Gray hairs are not wisdom; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says: "wisdom is the gray hair unto men.’ [Wisdom 4:9]" Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed, and to select them not for their years but for their discretion [Num. 11:16]? And, as a boy, Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age [Daniel 13:55–59 aka Story of Susannah 55–59]"
- Jerome, To Oceanus, Epistle 77:4 (AD 399), in NPNF2, VI:159.:"I would cite the words of the psalmist: 'the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit,’ [Ps 51:17] and those of Ezekiel 'I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death,’ [Ez 18:23] and those of Baruch, 'Arise, arise, O Jerusalem,’ [Baruch 5:5] and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets."
- Jerome, Letter 51, 6, 7, NPNF2, VI:87–8: "For in the book of Wisdom, which is inscribed with his name, Solomon says: "God created man to be immortal, and made him to be an image of his own eternity." [Wisdom 2:23]...Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them, behold I have given you seven"
- Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Canon of the Old Testament". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. section titled "The Council of Florence 1442": "...contains a complete list of the books received by the Church as inspired, but omits, perhaps advisedly, the terms canon and canonical. The Council of Florence therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures, but did not formally pass on their canonicity."
- "Gutenberg Bible: View the British Library's Digital Versions Online". http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html.
- "1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on-line". http://lutherbibel.net/biblia2.
- Preface to the Revised Standard Version Common Bible
- See the Theological Glossary of the Jerusalem Bible Reader's Edition: "One tradition within the Church excluded the Greek books, and this tradition was taken up by the 15th century {sic} Reformers, who relegated these books to the Apocrypha. 1 Maccabees 12:9." Note that the JB is explicitly approved by the CBCEW (the Bishop's Conference of England and Wales) http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Scripture/Versions.shtml
- Catholic Encyclopaedia, "St. Jerome evidently applied the term to all quasi-scriptural books which in his estimation lay outside the canon of the Bible, and the Protestant Reformers, following Jerome's catalogue of Old Testament Scriptures—one which was at once erroneous and singular among the Fathers of the Church—applied the title Apocrypha to the excess of the Catholic canon of the Old Testament over that of the Jews. Naturally, Catholics refuse to admit such a denomination, and we employ "deuterocanonical" to designate this literature, which non-Catholics conventionally and improperly known as the Apocrypha". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01601a.htm
- "And the other books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine."
- Six Points On Luther's "Epistle of Straw", 3 April 2007 http://www.aomin.org/index.php?itemid=1892&catid=7
- Introductory material to the appendix of the Vulgata Clementina, text in Latin http://sacredbible.org/vulgate1861/scans/817-Apocrypha.jpg
- "Apocrypha," King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/ https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/
- The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha, Oxford World's Classics, 1998, ISBN:978-0-19-283525-3
- Article VI at episcopalian.org http://www.episcopalian.org/pbs1928/articles/AnglicanTeaching/042.htm
- "WCF and MESV in Parallel Columns". http://www.opc.org/documents/MESV_frames.html.
- Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, Dictionary of the Bible edited by James Hastings, and published by Charles Scribner's Sons of New York in 1909 http://www.bible-researcher.com/kjv1.html
- Grudem, Wayne (29 February 2012). Understanding Scripture: An Overview of the Bible's Origin, Reliability, and Meaning. US: Crossway. p. 90. ISBN 978-1433529993. https://books.google.com/books?id=w1v7wg2qlbAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Understanding+Scripture:+An+Overview+of+the+Bible%27s+Origin,+Reliability&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UYKlU42QNsOqyATBlICgDw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Understanding%20Scripture%3A%20An%20Overview%20of%20the%20Bible%27s%20Origin%2C%20Reliability&f=false. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- Howsam, Leslie (2002). Cheap Bibles. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-52212-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=gT8f6wbTzHcC&pg=PA14#PPA14,M1.
- Flick, Dr. Stephen. "Canonization of the Bible". http://christianheritagefellowship.com/canonization-of-the-bible/. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- McGrath, Alister (10 December 2008) (in English). In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 298. ISBN 9780307486226.
- Anderson, Charles R. (2003). Puzzles and Essays from "The Exchange": Tricky Reference Questions. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780789017628. "Paper and printing were expensive and early publishers were able to hold down costs by eliminating the Apocrypha once it was deemed secondary material."
- A Brief History of the United Bible Societies http://www.biblesociety.org/history.htm
- "2 Esdras". http://earlyjewishwritings.com/2esdras.html.
- "The Orthodox Study Bible" 2008, Thomas Nelson Inc. p. xi
- Vassiliadis, Petros (2005). "Canon and authority of Scripture". in S. T. Kimbrough. Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. Crestwood, N.Y: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88141-301-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=q-vhwjamOioC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Volume 2, James H. Charlesworth
- Gilmore, George William (1916). Selections from the World's Devotional Classics. Funk & Wagnalls company. p. 63.
