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Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Liver
The liver is an organ that is particularly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only arise during metabolic functions but also during the biotransformation of xenobiotics. The disruption of redox balance causes oxidative stress, which affects liver function, modulates inflammatory pathways and contributes to disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
Therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS) with disease-modifying agents such as natalizumab or fingolimod has been clinically associated with the development of cutaneous melanoma. Published data do not support the hypothesis of a direct action of natalizumab or fingolimod on melanoma cell proliferation and migration that could lead to tumor progression. More probably, by acting on the tumor microenvironment through changing in the tumor inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis, these treatments could indirectly favor melanoma evolution.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in DM
The main cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) are hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia; all of them share the same substrate: insulin-resistance. Primary prevention of cardiovascular events that compose the 3P-MACE (non-fatal acute coronary events, non-fatal stroke, cardiovascular-death) is the universal desiderate in DM patients. The modern management of cardiovascular risk factors includes: early identification, addressing all the cardiovascular risk factors, use of moderate to intensive therapy in order to ensure the safety of the patients and the adequate risk-benefit ratio, usage of therapeutic agents proven to decrease cardiovascular risk such as GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2-inhibitors, ACEI inhibitors or statins.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Smoking and Osteoporosis in IBD
Cigarette smoking constitutes one of the most important modifiable factors of osteoporosis, as well as contributes to an early death, tumors, and numerous chronic diseases. The group with an increased risk of a lower bone mineral density are patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. In fact, tobacco smoke, which contains more than 7000 chemical compounds, affects bone mineral density (BMD) both directly and indirectly, as it has an impact on the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, intestinal microbiota composition, and calcium–phosphate balance. Constant cigarette use interferes with the production of protective mucus and inhibits the repair processes in the intestinal mucus. Nicotine as well as the other compounds of the cigarette smoke are important risk factors of the inflammatory bowel disease and osteoporosis. Additionally, cigarette smoking may decrease BMD in the IBD patients. Interestingly, it affects patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in different ways—on the one hand it protects against ulcerative colitis, whereas on the other it increases the risk of Crohn’s disease development. Nevertheless, all patients should be encouraged to cease smoking in order to decrease the risk of developing other disorders.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression Catabolism Syndrome
Combining new immunological insights with great clinical experience is how the Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) was first described in 2012 [1]. The attempt to translate fundamental research into readily available surrogates in order to describe a clinical condition is how biomarkers and their cut-offs were determined. In the recent past, PICS has more and more become an acknowledged concept regarding ICU patients on their transition to chronic critical illness.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
P53 in Biliary Tract Cancers
Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment for biliary tract cancers (BTCs) and resistance to gemcitabine remains the clinical challenge. TP53 mutation has been shown to be associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics and survival in patients with BTCs, indicating that p53 plays an important role in the treatment of these cancers.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Epigenetics' Role in Synucleinopathies
Epigenetic modifications alter the gene function without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Negatively charged DNA is wrapped around positively charged histones forming a nucleosome, a simple chromatin unit. Chemical alterations to histone proteins include methylation and acetylation. These histone modifications can induce the formation of an open DNA state. The open state enables gene expression by allowing TFs and enzymes to bind to DNA. Alternatively, chromatin may acquire a closed heterochromatin state suppressing gene expression by inhibiting the initiation of transcript. These epigenetic modifications can be induced by various factors, including phytochemicals present in the diet. Epigenetic changes in gene function are heritable and are not attributed to alterations of the DNA sequence.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Host Immune System Interaction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by variable clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal multi-organ damage. The site of entry and the response of the host to the infection aect the outcomes. The role of the upper airways and the nasal barrier in the prevention of infection is increasingly being recognized. Besides the epithelial lining and the local immune system, the upper airways harbor a community of microorganisms, or microbiota, that takes an active part in mucosal homeostasis and in resistance to infection. However, the role of the upper airway microbiota in COVID-19 is not yet completely understood and likely goes beyond protection from viral entry to include the regulation of the immune response to the infection. Herein, we discuss the hypothesis that restoring endogenous barriers and anti-inflammatory pathways that are defective in COVID-19 patients might represent a valid strategy to reduce infectivity and ameliorate clinical symptomatology.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a Gαs- protein coupled receptor that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system and neurotransmission in the CNS. In ovarian cancer cell lines, stimulation of TAAR1 via 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) reduces cell viability and induces cell death and DNA damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Changes in Cardiac Metabolism in Prediabetes
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), even when corrected for atherosclerosis and other CVD risk factors. Diastolic dysfunction is one of the early changes in cardiac function that precedes the onset of cardiac failure, and it occurs already in the prediabetic state.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Animal Stone Disease
Animals have stone disease too. There are several animal models for the research of human stone disease. Rodents are the most frequently used for stone research, although they are not prone to forming crystals in the kidneys. Ethylene glycol (EG), sodium oxalate and -hydroxyproline are common lithogenic agents. Dogs and pigs were also reported as a study animal for stone disease. However, the breeding costs and body size are too high. The most-used genetic study animal for stone disease was the mouse, but it was high-cost. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can also be light microscopically observed in the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, induced by adding EG to the food. Genetic studies of flies can be done by cross-breeding, and this has a lower cost than using mice. The fly model also has several advantages, including minimal breeding equipment, the fact that it is easier to reach larger numbers in a short time with flies, that crystals can be observed under microscopy, and that they allow genetic study. We suggest the fly will be an ideal animal model for stone research in the future.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Toxicity
This review focused on current challenges and future directions on the treatment and prevention of ovarian failure or infertility by chemotherapy in young reproductive women with cancer. We also address current knowledge on chemotherapy-induced ovarian toxicity and its mechanisms. We hope this review will help clinicians to prevent and treat girls and young women with cancer who desire to preserve their ovarian endocrine function and fertility.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Early Diagnostics on Oral Cancer
One of the most frequent head and neck cancers is oral cancer, with less than half of those diagnosed surviving five years. Despite breakthroughs in the treatment of many other cancers, the prognosis for people with OSCC remains dismal. The conventional methods of detection include a thorough clinical examination, biochemical investigations, and invasive biopsies. Early identification and treatment are important for a better chance of extending a patient’s life. Early diagnosis may be possible by identifying biomarkers in biological fluids.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Ultraviolet Radiation and Chronic Inflammation
The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate that chronic inflammation is one of the hallmarks of microenvironmental-agent-mediated skin cancers and contributes to its development. Maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment is a condition leading to tumor formation. Multiple studies focus on the molecular pathways activating tumorigenesis by inflammation and indicate several biomarkers and factors that can improve diagnostic and prognostic processes in oncology and dermatology. Reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet radiation, oxidizers, or metabolic processes can damage cells and initiate pro-inflammatory cascades. Considering the potential role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, the identification of early mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis is crucial for clinical practice and scientific research. Moreover, it could lead to the progress of advanced skin cancer therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phytophthora sansomeana
Phytophthora sansomeana has been shown to be a causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in soybean in addition to P. sojae. The emergence and spread of a second pathogen causing PRR poses a significant threat to soybean production.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy and Therapeutic Pancreatic Tumors
Pancreatic cancer remains a poor-outcome disease with mortality rates nearly identical to incidence rates. Autophagy is a key metabolic process involved in stress resistance both intrinsically in tumor cells, and extrinsically in the tumor microenvironment (TME). 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer’s Disease
Evidence indicates that patients with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) show signs of copper (Cu) dyshomeostasis. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Cu dysregulation as an AD susceptibility factor. We performed a meta-analysis of 56 studies investigating Cu biomarkers in brain specimens (pooled total of 182 AD and 166 healthy controls, HC) and in serum/plasma (pooled total of 2929 AD and 3547 HC). We also completed a replication study of serum Cu biomarkers in 97 AD patients and 70 HC screened for rs732774 and rs1061472 ATP7B, the gene encoding for the Cu transporter ATPase7B. Our meta-analysis showed decreased Cu in AD brain specimens, increased Cu and nonbound ceruloplasmin (Non-Cp) Cu in serum/plasma samples, and unchanged ceruloplasmin. Serum/plasma Cu excess was associated with a three to fourfold increase in the risk of having AD. Our replication study confirmed meta-analysis results and showed that carriers of the ATP7B AG haplotype were significantly more frequent in the AD group. Overall, our study shows that AD patients fail to maintain a Cu metabolic balance and reveals the presence of a percentage of AD patients carrying ATP7B AG haplotype and presenting Non-Cp Cu excess, which suggest that a subset of AD subjects is prone to Cu imbalance. This AD subtype can be the target of precision medicine-based strategies tackling Cu dysregulation.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Endocrine Disorders in Autoimmune Rheumatism
Autoimmune rheumatological diseases’ incidence and prevalence have risen over the last decades and they are becoming increasingly important worldwide. Thyroid autoimmune diseases share with them an imbalance in the immune system that lead to a pro-inflammatory environment. Usually this is the result of a multi-factorial process. In fact, it includes not only a possible genetic predisposition, but also environmental causes like microbiota dysbiosis, diet rich in processed foods, exposure to toxicants and infections.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
STIM1/Orai1-Mediated SOCE
Store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), also known as capacitive calcium entry (CCE), consists in a Ca2+influx downstream of ER/SR Ca2+stores and it is a pivotal mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. The concept of SOCE was first postulated by Putney in 1986 who demonstrated that in salivary gland cells the depletion of internal Ca2+stores controlled the extent of Ca2+influx.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
EWSR1
EWSR1 belongs to the FET family of RNA-binding proteins including also Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), and TATA-box binding protein Associated Factor 15 (TAF15).
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2021
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