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Topic Review
Leukotriene Signaling Pathway in PD
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where misfolded alpha-synuclein-enriched aggregates called Lewy bodies are central in pathogenesis. Parkinson’s disease is considered a multifactorial disease and evidence from multiple patient studies and animal models has shown a significant immune component during the course of the disease, highlighting immunomodulation as a potential treatment strategy. The immune changes occur centrally, involving microglia and astrocytes but also peripherally with changes to the innate and adaptive immune system.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Inflammasome and Pyroptosis in Hypertension
Inflammasomes are components of the innate immune response that have recently emerged as crucial controllers of tissue homeostasis. In particular, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a complex platform involved in the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, which are mainly released via pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent type of cell death that is mediated by the cleavage of gasdermin D and the subsequent formation of structurally stable pores in the cell membrane.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Phytophthora sansomeana
Phytophthora sansomeana has been shown to be a causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in soybean in addition to P. sojae. The emergence and spread of a second pathogen causing PRR poses a significant threat to soybean production.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as a Biomarker in Liver Disease
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles released by a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and immune cells in normal and pathological conditions. Depending on their biogenesis, there is a complex repertoire of EVs that differ in size and origin. EVs can carry lipids, proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial DNA causing alterations to the recipient cells, functioning as intercellular mediators of cell–cell communication (auto-, para-, juxta-, or even endocrine). The use of EVs as biomarkers in liver disease development are described. 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
New Perspectives on Polycythemia Vera
Polycythemia vera (PV) is mainly characterized by elevated blood cell counts, thrombotic as well as hemorrhagic predisposition, a variety of symptoms, and cumulative risks of fibrotic progression and/or leukemic evolution over time. Major changes to its diagnostic criteria were made in the 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, with both hemoglobin and hematocrit diagnostic thresholds lowered to 16.5 g/dl and 49% for men, and 16 g/dl and 48% for women, respectively. The main reason leading to these changes was represented by the recognition of a new entity, namely the so-called “masked PV”, as individuals suffering from this condition have a worse outcome, possibly owing to missed or delayed diagnoses and lower intensity of treatment. Thrombotic risk stratification is of crucial importance to evaluate patients’ prognosis at diagnosis. Currently, patients are stratified into a low-risk group, in the case of younger age (<60 years) and no previous thromboses, and a high-risk group, in the case of patients older than 60 years and/or with a previous thrombotic complication. Furthermore, even though they have not yet been formally included in a scoring system, generic cardiovascular risk factors, particularly hypertension, smoking, and leukocytosis, contribute to the thrombotic overall risk. In the absence of agents proven to modify its natural history and prevent progression, PV management has primarily been focused on minimizing the thrombotic risk, representing the main cause of morbidity and mortality. When cytoreduction is necessary, conventional therapies include hydroxyurea as a first-line treatment and ruxolitinib and interferon in resistant/intolerant cases. Each therapy, however, is burdened by specific drawbacks, underlying the need for improved strategies. Currently, the therapeutic landscape for PV is still expanding, and includes several molecules that are under investigation, like long-acting pegylated interferon alpha-2b, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitors.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Human-Animal SARS-CoV-2 Potential Transmission Pathways
  Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respira-tory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermedi-ate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chromatin Complexes in Myeloid Malignancies
The aberrant function of chromatin regulatory networks (epigenetics) is a hallmark of cancer promoting oncogenic gene expression. A growing body of evidence suggests that the disruption of specific chromatin-associated protein complexes has therapeutic potential in malignant conditions, particularly those that are driven by aberrant chromatin modifiers. Of note, a number of enzymatic inhibitors that block the catalytic function of histone modifying enzymes have been established and entered clinical trials. Unfortunately, many of these molecules do not have potent single-agent activity. One potential explanation for this phenomenon is the fact that those drugs do not profoundly disrupt the integrity of the aberrant network of multiprotein complexes on chromatin. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment
Melanin is a complex pigment that provides colour and photoprotection to the skin, hair, and eyes of mammals. Melanogenesis, the process through which melanocytes synthesise melanin, can be altered, producing pigmentary skin disorders such as melasma which result in hyperpigmentation. Melanocytes are highly specialised dendritic cells that transfer melanin to keratinocytes in subcellular lysosome-like organelles called melanosomes, where melanin is synthesised and stored.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hsrω lncRNAs
The lncRNAs produced by the hsrω gene are known to modulate neurotoxicity in polyQ and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease models of Drosophila. Elevated expression of hsrω lncRNAs exaggerates, while their genetic depletion through hsrω-RNAi or in an hsrω-null mutant background suppresses, the disease pathogenicity.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a Gαs- protein coupled receptor that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system and neurotransmission in the CNS. In ovarian cancer cell lines, stimulation of TAAR1 via 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) reduces cell viability and induces cell death and DNA damage.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma
Skin melanoma is traditionally considered one of the most immunogenic tumor types, based in part on its long-known feature of frequently containing a characteristic lymphoid infiltrate; furthermore, it may be the only tumor type for which spontaneous regression can occur in the primary tumor; this regression is assumed to be the consequence of antitumor immune response. More recent research and therapy results supported the unique immunological features of cutaneous melanoma from other aspects. It belongs to tumors with the highest tumor mutational burden (TMB), caused by high mutagen exposure (UV radiation).
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Canine and Human Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the main types of cancer that affects the male population worldwide. In recent decades, there has been a significant evolution in the methods of diagnosis and treatment, mainly due to the development of new research in the field of molecular biology, allowing for a better understanding of how this cancer develops and progresses from a genetic point of view.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors(ICI)
Recently, the introduction of immunotherapy radically changed the therapeutic algorithm of non-small-cell lung cancer as upfront or secondary strategy. Unfortunately, the small number of patient who benefits from immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and the prognostic role of concomitant treatments are a burning open issue. The use of steroids was associated with poor outcomes during ICI. We investigated the impact of intercurrent steroids, according to clinical indication, which is actually unclear. Interestingly, the use of intercurrent steroids given for cancer-unrelated symptoms has no survival impact on our study cohort. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis in Liver Pathophysiology
The NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly expressed in myeloid cells, such as macrophages. However, it has also been described in other types of cells, such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, or even hepatic stellate cells (HSCs); and its activation inducing pyroptosis has been associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death in the liver.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy Induction: Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategy
Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), causes significant mortality in humans worldwide. The current treatment regimen involves the administration of multiple antibiotics over the course of several months that contributes to patient non-compliance leading to relapse and the development of drug-resistant M.tb (MDR and XDR) strains. Together, these facts highlight the need for the development of shorter TB treatment regimens. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept that aims to augment host immune response using drugs/compounds with or without adjunct antibiotics against M.tb infection. Autophagy is a natural catabolic mechanism of the cell that involves delivering the cytosolic constituents to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling the components; thereby maintaining the cellular and energy homeostasis of a cell. However, over the past decade, an improved understanding of the role of autophagy in immunity has led to autophagy activation by using drugs or agents. This autophagy manipulation may represent a promising host-directed therapeutic strategy for human TB. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Across Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain tumors are characterized by very high mortality and, despite the continuous research on new pharmacological interventions, little therapeutic progress has been made. One of the main obstacles to improve current treatments is represented by the impermeability of the blood vessels residing within nervous tissue as well as of the new vascular net generating from the tumor, commonly referred to as blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), respectively.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression Catabolism Syndrome
Combining new immunological insights with great clinical experience is how the Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) was first described in 2012 [1]. The attempt to translate fundamental research into readily available surrogates in order to describe a clinical condition is how biomarkers and their cut-offs were determined. In the recent past, PICS has more and more become an acknowledged concept regarding ICU patients on their transition to chronic critical illness.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Toxicity
This review focused on current challenges and future directions on the treatment and prevention of ovarian failure or infertility by chemotherapy in young reproductive women with cancer. We also address current knowledge on chemotherapy-induced ovarian toxicity and its mechanisms. We hope this review will help clinicians to prevent and treat girls and young women with cancer who desire to preserve their ovarian endocrine function and fertility.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Changes in Cardiac Metabolism in Prediabetes
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), even when corrected for atherosclerosis and other CVD risk factors. Diastolic dysfunction is one of the early changes in cardiac function that precedes the onset of cardiac failure, and it occurs already in the prediabetic state.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common adult motor neuron disease. The disease pathogenesis is complex with the perturbation of multiple pathways proposed, including mitochondrial dysfunction, RNA processing, glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein homeostasis and endosomal transport/extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. EVs are nanoscopic membrane-bound particles that are released from cells, involved in the intercellular communication of proteins, lipids and genetic material, and there is increasing evidence of their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Feb 2023
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