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Topic Review
Tuft Cells
Tuft cells have emerged as the focus of intense interest following the discovery of their chemosensory role in the intestinal tract, and their ability to activate Type 2 immune responses to helminth parasites. Moreover, they populate a wide range of mucosal tissues and are intimately connected to immune and neuronal cells, either directly or through the release of pharmacologically active mediators. They are now recognised to fulfil both homeostatic roles, in metabolism and tissue integrity, as well as acting as the first sensors of parasite infection, immunity to which is lost in their absence. 
  • 875
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chitin in Controlling the NLRP3 Inflammasome
The role of NLRP3 in the tumour microenvironment is elusive. In some cancers, the activation of NLRP3 causes a worse prognosis and in some cancers, NLRP3 increases chances of survivability. However, in many cases where NLRP3 has a protumorigenic role, inhibition of NLRP3 would be a crucial step in therapy. Consequently, activation of NLRP3 would be of essence when inflammation is required. Chitin and its derivatives are able to upregulate and downregulate the effect of the NLRP3 inflammasome based on its preparation, and these different reactions can be utilised to successfully target a broad range of cancers. Out of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharide (COS), COS seems to be the best approach to actual products due its solubility being the highest, enabling it to be delivered more efficiently when compared to the other two. These specific preparations can be used on a case-by-case basis to help mitigate the negative effects of cancer and can potentially be used as a treatment or an adjuvant to cancer treatment.
  • 872
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of IL-33 Signalling in COVID-19 Inflammatory Status
During acute infection, the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the pathology of disease and the development of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory disease syndrome, the life-threatening form of this infection, are correlated with patient survival and disease severity. IL-33, a key cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs, can increase airway inflammation, mucus secretion and Th2 cytokine synthesis in the lungs, following respiratory infections. Similar to cases of exposure to known respiratory virus infections, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces the expression of IL-33, correlating with T-cell activation and lung disease severity.
  • 871
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Hematologic Malignancies
Immunotherapy is extensively investigated for almost all types of hematologic tumors, from preleukemic to relapse/refractory malignancies. Due to the emergence of technologies for target cell characterization, antibody design and manufacturing, as well as genome editing, immunotherapies including gene and cell therapies are becoming increasingly elaborate and diversified. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment of the target disease is critical, as is reducing toxicity. Although there have been many successes and newly FDA-approved immunotherapies for hematologic malignancies, we have learned that insufficient efficacy due to disease relapse following treatment is one of the key obstacles for developing successful therapeutic regimens. Thus, combination therapies are also being explored. In this review, immunotherapies for each type of hematologic malignancy will be introduced, and novel targets that are under investigation will be described.
  • 870
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Metabolic conditions, immunological changes, and fluctuating hormone levels of the pregnant woman induce a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and contribute to increase inflammation of periodontal tissues. Periodontal pathogens, as well as inflammatory molecules produced in response to periodontopathogens, could diffuse through the bloodstream inducing a placenta inflammatory response. In addition, periodontopathogens can colonize the vaginal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract or during oro-genital contact. A cumulative bi-directional relationship between periodontal conditions, pathogens and pre-eclampsia exists.
  • 866
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Advances in Immunotherapy for Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus with the potential to cause chronic infection, and it is one of the common causes of liver disease worldwide. Chronic HBV infection leads to liver cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Progress in Hepatitis-B-Specific Immunotherapy is discussed. 
  • 866
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Immunotherapy
Gut microbiota can have opposing functions from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic effects. Increasing preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota affects cancer patients’ response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) immunotherapy, such as anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Microbiota-induced inflammation possibly contributes to tumor growth and cancer development. Microbiota-derived metabolites can also be converted to carcinogenic agents related to genetic mutations and DNA damage in organs such as the colon. However, other attributes of microbiota, such as greater diversity and specific bacterial species and their metabolites, are linked to better clinical outcomes and potentially improved anti-tumor immunity. In addition, the intratumoral microbial composition strongly affects T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and anti-tumor immune surveillance, adding more complexity to the cancer-microbiome-immune axis.
  • 864
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Eclectic Nature of Glioma-Infiltrating Macrophages and Microglia
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are complex ecosystems composed of highly multifaceted tumor and myeloid cells capable of responding to different environmental pressures, including therapies. Recent studies have uncovered the diverse phenotypical identities of brain-populating myeloid cells. Differences in the immune proportions and phenotypes within tumors seem to be dictated by molecular features of glioma cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence underscores the significance of interactions between myeloid cells and glioma cells that allow them to evolve in a synergistic fashion to sustain tumor growth.
  • 863
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 in Cancer Therapy
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) is a type I transmembrane protein and a prototypic member of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). TNFR2 belongs to the TRAF (TNF-receptor-associated factor)-interacting subgroup of the TNFRSF and mediates pro-inflammatory effects, but can also stimulate strong anti-inflammatory activities. TNFR2 is  stimulated by the membrane-bound form of TNF (memTNF). TNFR2 expression is typically high in myeloid cells but is also found in certain T- and B-cell subsets and a few non-immune cells such as endothelial cells, glial cells and cardiomyocytes.
  • 863
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most prevalent form of liver cancer in the world. Annually, HCC affects approximately 900,000 individuals, and over 70% of new cases are diagnosed in Asia. The etiology of HCC is complicated due to the multiple risk factors involved.
  • 861
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
New Frontier of Targeted Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma
The approval of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against CD38 (daratumumab) and SLAMF7 (elotuzumab) in relapsed and refractory MM (RRMM) represents an important milestone in the development of targeted immunotherapy in MM. These MoAb-based agents significantly induce cytotoxicity of MM cells via multiple effector-dependent mechanisms and can further induce immunomodulation to repair a dysfunctional tumor immune microenvironment. 
  • 860
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vaccines in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of all gynecologic malignancies. Our expanding knowledge of ovarian cancer immunology has allowed the development of therapies that generate systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Current immunotherapeutic strategies include immune checkpoint blockade, cellular therapies, and cancer vaccines. Vaccine-based therapies are designed to induce both adaptive and innate immune responses directed against ovarian cancer associated antigens. Tumor-specific effector cells, in particular cytotoxic T cells, are activated to recognize and eliminate ovarian cancer cells. Vaccines for ovarian cancer have been studied in various clinical trials over the last three decades. Despite evidence of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, the majority of vaccines have not shown significant anti-tumor efficacy. Recently, improved vaccine development using dendritic cells or synthetic platforms for antigen presentation have shown promising clinical benefits in patients with ovarian cancer. 
  • 859
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Control of Tumor Myeloid Cells
In tumors, myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), represent a predominant immune population with significant heterogeneity. 
  • 859
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Immune Functions against SARS-CoV-2
Micronutrients have a potential interventional role to strengthen the immune system against the emerging infection caused by COVID-19.
  • 858
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
FcRn for Biologics' Nasal Delivery
It was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO, which helped in identifying articles that met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and preclinical studies involving FcRn and the nasal delivery of biologics were screened, and the risk of bias was assessed across studies using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). Among the 12 studies finally included in this systematic review (out of the 758 studies screened), 11 demonstrated efficient transcytosis of biologics through the nasal epithelium.
  • 857
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pregnancy and Vaccination during COVID-19 Pandemic
Pregnancy, alone, being associated with a state of immune alterations, exposes the maternal immune system to many challenges. Pregnant women, being a highly vulnerable group, need to be administered vaccines as early as possible; however, there is a lot of vaccine hesitancy among the population regarding immunization of pregnant women, who are avoided in the initial phases of most clinical trials. A look at available studies on the mechanisms of immune response in pregnant women and further, the reports of vaccine efficacy and outcomes among pregnant women against COVID-19 and EVD would definitely yield many insights that could be useful in the surveillance and planning of vaccination strategies for pregnant women against impending pathogenic RNA viruses.
  • 856
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that typically presents in childhood and early adulthood that results in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by T cells. One potential protective mechanism includes the suppression of immune responses by regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) that recognize self-peptides from islets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules.
  • 855
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Host Defence
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens.
  • 852
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mast Cells and Vitamin D Status
The immune system is made up by an extremely composite group of cells, whose regulated and harmonious activity is fundamental to maintain health. The mast cells are an essential effector of inflammatory response which is characterized by a massive release of mediators accumulated in cytoplasmic secretory granules. However, beyond the effects on immune response, mast cells can modify bone metabolism and are capable of intervening in the genesis of pathologies such as osteoporosis and osteopenia. Vitamin D is recognized to induce changes in bone metabolism, but it is also able to influence immune response, suppressing mast cell activation and IgE synthesis from B cells and increasing the number of dendritic cells and IL-10-generating regulatory T cells. 
  • 851
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy has now attracted much attention because of the recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, they are only beneficial in a limited fraction of patients most probably due to lack of sufficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against tumor antigens in the host. In this regard, dendritic cells are useful tools to induce host immune responses against exogenous antigens. In particular, recently characterized cross-presenting dendritic cells are capable of inducing CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against exogenous antigens such as tumor antigens and uniquely express the chemokine receptor XCR1. 
  • 847
  • 29 Jul 2021
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