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Topic Review
Apolipoprotein E Epigenetics on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Modifications of gene expression (epigenetic alterations) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of complex diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a major lipid carrier in the central nervous system, possesses three variants, E2, E3, and E4, with APOE4 increasing the risk of developing AD. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Migraine, Tension-Type Headache and Parkinson’s Disease
The relationship between migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is controversial, while a common pathophysiological link remains obscure. The aim of researchers is to investigate the association between PD, migraine and TTH.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Management of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients
Myotonic dystrophy is a hereditary disorder with systemic involvement. Cardiac involvement occurs in 80% of MD1 patients and it often precedes the involvement of skeletal muscle. Cardiac involvement in patients with MD1 occurs as a degenerative process, with progressive fibrosis and fatty replacement of the myocardium, which involves not only the specialized conduction system but also areas, initially unaffected, of the atrial and ventricular myocardium. This anatomy-pathologic substrate may, on the one hand, facilitate the development of cardiac conduction diseases, ventricular tachycardia (VT), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) on the other hand, it may be responsible for ventricular dyssynchrony, leading to cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Marine-Derived Biomolecules with Antioxidant Properties
Marine sources contain several bioactive compounds with high therapeutic potential, such as remarkable antioxidant activity that can reduce oxidative stress related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, there has been a growing interest in these natural sources, especially those resulting from the processing of marine organisms (i.e., marine bio-waste), to obtain natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in a sustainable approach to promote circularity by recovering and creating value from these bio-wastes.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Machinery Involved in Brain-Derived Nerve Factor Release
Brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF), through TrkB receptor activation, is an important modulator for many different physiological and pathological functions in the nervous system. Among them, BDNF plays a crucial role in the development and correct maintenance of brain circuits and synaptic plasticity as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. The proper functioning of the central nervous system depends on the available BDNF concentrations, which are tightly regulated at transcriptional and translational levels but also by its regulated secretion.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
The Chiari Malformation and the ‘Arnold-Chiari’ Eponym
Chiari malformations are a group of craniovertebral junction anomalies characterized by the herniation of cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum, often accompanied by brainstem descent. The existing classification systems for Chiari malformations have expanded from the original four categories to nine, leading to debates about the need for a more descriptive and etiopathogenic terminology.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cortical Visual Impairment in Childhood
Cortical visual impairment in childhood is a kind of visual damage congenitally sustained by children.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammatory Implications of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
The bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that the gut microbiota can influence the brain and behavior of patients. Various metabolites secreted by the gut microbiota can affect the cognitive ability of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of memory, language, and cognitive ability.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targets Reported for Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa (Linneo, 1753). This naturally occurring secondary metabolite does not induce intoxication or exhibit the characteristic profile of drugs of abuse from cannabis like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) does. CBD is a complex multi-target molecule, meaning that it can exert different pharmacological effects by interacting with highly diverse molecular targets. CBD behaves as an agonist, inverse agonist, or antagonist on different receptors. CBD can also behave as an allosteric negative (NAM) or positive (PAM) modulator. CBD also exerts an effect on several enzymes, both neuro-enzymes and hepatic ones. CBD’s effects have been reported to vary across concentrations and doses in vitro and in vivo models.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
SAP90/PSD-95-Associated Protein Scaffold Proteins and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
The SAPAP (SAP90/PSD-95-associated protein, also called discs-large-associated proteins (DLGAPs)) family is made up of key postsynaptic scaffold proteins that are highly concentrated in the PSD of excitatory synapses and are essential for synaptic structure and functions. Excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission underlies many aspects of brain activity and the genesis of normal human behavior. The postsynaptic scaffolding proteins SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs), which are abundant components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory synapses, play critical roles in synaptic structure, formation, development, plasticity, and signaling. The convergence of human genetic data with recent in vitro and in vivo animal model data indicates that mutations in the genes encoding SAPAP1–4 are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and that dysfunction of SAPAP scaffolding proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and bipolar disorder.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation and Epilepsy
Epilepsy can be both a primary pathology and a secondary effect of many neurological conditions. Many papers show that neuroinflammation is a product of epilepsy, and that in pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammation, there is a higher probability to develop epilepsy.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Neurovascular Unit Repair of Stroke
The functional neural circuits are partially repaired after an ischemic stroke in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes maintain homeostasis; however, these cellular networks are damaged after an ischemic stroke. Commonly shared molecular mechanisms in the neurovascular unit are associated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its related factors. Stem cells and gaseous molecules may exert therapeutic effects by diminishing VEGF-mediated vascular leakage and facilitating VEGF-mediated regenerative capacity.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Trials of Pimavanserin
Pimavanserin (PMV) is the first approved drug for treating hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) psychosis. Psychosis is one of the leading causes of nursing home placement in people with PD. Furthermore, hallucinations are a more frequent cause of institutionalization than motor disability or dementia related to PD. The management of PD psychosis involves antipsychotic medications. Most of the drugs in this class directly block dopamine D2 receptors, leading to significantly worsening motor symptoms in patients with PD. The most commonly used medications for managing PD psychosis are quetiapine, clozapine, and PMV. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurocircuitry of the PTSD-AUD Comorbidity
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders and frequently co-occur concomitantly. Individuals suffering from this dual diagnosis often exhibit increased symptom severity and poorer treatment outcomes than those with only one of these diseases. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), paraventricular nuclei (PVN), and locus coeruleus (LC), are well-associated with processing fear, anxiety, stress, and rewards.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Glutathione in Ischemia-Induced Hippocampal Injury
Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide, leading to serious disability. Post-ischemic injury, especially in the cerebral ischemia-prone hippocampus, is a serious problem, as it contributes to vascular dementia. Many studies have shown that in the hippocampus, ischemia/reperfusion induces neuronal death through oxidative stress and neuronal zinc (Zn2+) dyshomeostasis. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in protecting neurons against oxidative stress as a major intracellular antioxidant. In addition, the thiol group of GSH can function as a principal Zn2+ chelator for the maintenance of Zn2+ homeostasis in neurons. These lines of evidence suggest that neuronal GSH levels could be a key factor in post-stroke neuronal survival. In neurons, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is involved in the influx of cysteine, and intracellular cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the synthesis of GSH. Recently, several studies have indicated that cysteine uptake through EAAC1 suppresses ischemia-induced neuronal death via the promotion of hippocampal GSH synthesis in ischemic animal models.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced mtDNA Release
One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is microglia-mediated and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Although inhibitions of both harmful proteins and aggregation are major treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, whether the phenomenon of non-normal protein or peptide aggregation is causally related to neuronal loss and synaptic damage is still controversial. Currently, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons that may play a key role in the regulation of immune cells, is proposed as a regulator in neurological disorders. In this review, we propose that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release due to ROS may act on microglia and astrocytes adjacent to neurons to induce inflammation through activation of innate immune responses (such as cGAS/STING). Elucidating the relationship between mtDNA and the formation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of crosstalk between neuronal and peripheral immune cells and lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve
The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, facilitates facial expressions and taste perception.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
HSV1’s Role in AD/Dementia
The review  describes studies on the following: relationship of HSV1 to AD using neural stem cells; the apparent protective effects of treatment of HSV1 infection or of VZV infection with antivirals prior to the onset of dementia; the putative involvement of VZV in AD/dementia; the possible role of human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) in AD; the seemingly reduced risk of dementia after vaccination with diverse types of vaccine, and the association shown in some vaccine studies with reduced frequency of HSV1 reactivation; anti-HSV serum antibodies supporting the linkage of HSV1 in brain with AD in APOE-ε4 carriers, and the association between APOE and cognition, and association of APOE and infection with AD/dementia. The conclusions are that there is now overwhelming evidence for HSV1’s role—probably causal—in AD, when it is present in brain of APOE-ε4 carriers, and that further investigations should be made on possible prevention of the disease by vaccination, or by prolonged antiviral treatment of HSV1 infection in APOE-ε4 carriers, before disease onset. 
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Central Nervous System Delivery of Antibodies
Antibodies, otherwise known as immunoglobulins (Igs), are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells and are mostly found in blood and lymphoid tissues. The primary function of antibodies in vivo is to recognize and neutralize infectious agents, such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are directed against various antigens and play a pivotal role in the defense mechanism of higher vertebrates and are also involved in autoimmune diseases and allergies.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cortical Hyperexcitability in the Driver’s Seat in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by the degeneration of cortical and spinal motor neurons. With no effective treatment available to date, patients face progressive paralysis and eventually succumb to the disease due to respiratory failure within only a few years. Intriguingly, a key feature present in both ALS patients and rodent models of the disease is cortical hyperexcitability and hyperconnectivity, the mechanisms of which still remain incompletely understood. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Feb 2022
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