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Topic Review
Wall Materials of Peptide Microcapsules
Microencapsulation technology can improve the utilization rate of the active peptides. Microencapsulation technology is a kind of encapsulation technology based on nanocarriers. The microencapsulation of peptides refers to the selection of appropriate wall materials and the use of physical, chemical, or physicochemical methods to embed the active peptides, in order to give play to the advantages of isolating the interaction between the active peptide and the external environment.
  • 968
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Additive Manufactured Magnesium-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important technology that led to a high evolution in the manufacture of personalized implants adapted to the anatomical requirements of patients. Due to a worldwide graft shortage, synthetic scaffolds must be developed. Regarding this aspect, biodegradable materials such as magnesium and its alloys are a possible solution because the second surgery for implant removal is eliminated. Magnesium (Mg) exhibits mechanical properties, which are similar to human bone, biodegradability in human fluids, high biocompatibility, and increased ability to stimulate new bone formation.
  • 966
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Models of the Structure of Humic Substances
Natural organic matter, including humic substances (HS), comprises complex secondary structures with no defined covalent chemical bonds and stabilized by inter- and intra-molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, Van der Waal’s forces, and pi-pi interactions. The latest view describes HS aggregates as a hydrogel-like structure comprised by a hydrophobic core of aromatic residues surrounded by polar and amphiphilic molecules akin a self-assembled soft material. A different view is based on the classification of this material as either mass or surface fractals. The former is intended as made by the clustering of macromolecules generating dendritic networks, while the latter have been modelled in terms of a solvent-impenetrable core surrounded by a layer of lyophilic material. 
  • 966
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing
Polymeric materials have found increasing use in biomedical applications. Among them, hydrogels represent the chosen class of materials to use in this field, in particular as wound dressings. They are generally non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and they can absorb large amounts of exudates. Moreover, hydrogels actively contribute to skin repair promoting fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration, allowing oxygen to permeate, and protecting wounds from microbial invasion. As wound dressing, stimuli-responsive systems are particularly advantageous since they can be active only in response to specific environmental stimuli (such as pH, light, ROS concentration, temperature, and glucose level). 
  • 962
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Self-assembly-based manufacturing of nano-biomaterials
We previously reported that heparin-based nano-biomaterials produced by simple mixing of raw materials exhibit sustained protein release, and thereby used as a drug delivery carrier. In the present study, we modified the nano-biomaterials without employing any organic synthetic approach to retain the property as a cell-penetrating peptide facilitating protein delivery to cell. We examined whether the heparin-based nano-biomaterials have the ability to deliver exogenous proteins into cultured cells in vitro or into murine hepatocytes in vivo through intravenous injection to anesthetized mice. Consequently, we found that the transferred protein was accumulated in both cultured cells and in vivo hepatocytes.
  • 961
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Bone Regenerative
Background: Preservation of the alveolar bone is determinant in the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Alveolar bone defects or decrease of its height and width may occur due to common reasons such as inflammation, tooth extraction or cleft lip and palate. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate and appraise the quality of the most up to date available evidence regarding the applications and effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in orthodontics. Methods: This study was carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the following databases: Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection and EMBASE. The qualitative assessment of the included studies was performed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and ROBINS-I guidelines. Results: From a total of 489 studies, 9 studies were selected. The majority of the included studies demonstrate that autogenous anterior iliac graft with PRF had higher amount of newly formed bone. Furthermore, this review also suggests that application of platelets derivatives in the extraction socket can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Conclusion: Despite the limitations in the included studies, this systematic review suggested that PRF can improve alveolar cleft reconstruction and orthodontic tooth movement.
  • 960
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Alternative Methods to Retting of Straw
Bast fibers, such as flax and hemp, have been used by humanity for thousands of years. In the case of processes other than dew or field retting, they can also follow field drying. In any case, the fiber plant straw is retted first in order to be able to carry out the subsequent mechanical fiber recovery by decortication, cleaning and, if necessary, opening of the coarse fiber bundles. This can be defined as primary processing of bast fiber straw. The retting process involves the controlled decomposition of those substances that bind the fiber containing tissues to the other components of the stalk as well as the fibers to each other (to form so called bundles). It is described as one of the most important steps in the whole supply chain of fibers from bast fiber plants such as hemp and flax since it affects both the ease of performing the subsequent mechanical processing steps as well as the quality of the resulting fibers.
  • 960
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogel in Bone/Cartilage Regeneration
Hydrogel is a polymer matrix containing a large amount of water. It is similar to extracellular matrix components. It comes into contact with blood, body fluids, and human tissues without affecting the metabolism of organisms. It can be applied to bone and cartilage tissues. 
  • 959
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Revision of a Monoblock Metal-on-Metal Cup
Revision of large-diameter, monoblock acetabular components for both hip resurfacing arthroplasty and metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) is correlated to a high amount of complications. For this reason, performing a limited revision by conversion to a dual mobility (DM) without acetabular component exchange has been proposed in order to limit these complications. Although DM bearing offers an easy solution avoiding the intraoperative and time- associated complications, concern about polyethylene wear and stability remains due to the difference regarding the design, the coverage angle and the clearance of the two implants. In order to evaluate the performance of this new solution with the new material to prevent the possibility of failure it is essential to conduct a review of the literature A qualitative systematic review of the literature has been conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Scopus for English and French articles between January 2000 and October 2019 was performed, with the primary objective of finding articles about dual mobility bearing coupling with large metal-on- metal cup in the case of hip revision procedure. Various combinations of the key words were used in the search strategy. Thirteen articles with DM bearing mated with MoM cup were analyzed. Of the 130 hip revisions selected, with a follow-up from 6 to 53 months, there were a total of 14 with complications (10.77%): four true dislocations (3.08%); six intra-prosthetic dislocations (IPD, 4.6%), two of which presented plastic deformation and polyethylene wear; four other complications (3.08%), included a cup osteolysis, a clicking noise, a superficial infection and a periprosthetic fracture. All the mentioned true dislocations occurred during the first month while IPDs appeared during the first two years from the index revision. In conclusion, according to the literature analyzed, we can stress that the concerns and doubts about mating a DM bearing with large MoM cup cannot be dissolved. It has been pointed out that a DM bearing is not designed for a MoM cup; it is not mechanically tested on MoM cups, which presents different clearance and coverage angles. Predictable complications may occur, such as IPD, polyethylene wear and true dislocation. These complications have been reported at an even higher rate than they were in the eighties, when the first generation of DM implants were of a lower quality of polyethylene and the characteristic of the design was less optimal than modern ones.
  • 958
  • 11 May 2020
Topic Review
Nanocarriers for Sustainable Active Packaging
Lockdown has been installed due to the fast spread of COVID-19, and several challenges have occurred. Active packaging was considered a sustainable option for mitigating risks to food systems during COVID-19. Biopolymeric-based active packaging incorporating the release of active compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity represents an innovative solution for increasing shelf life and maintaining food quality during transportation from producers to consumers. However, food packaging requires certain physical, chemical, and mechanical performances, which biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids have not satisfied. In addition, active compounds have low stability and can easily burst when added directly into biopolymeric materials. Due to these drawbacks, encapsulation into lipid-based, polymeric-based, and nanoclay-based nanocarriers has currently captured increased interest. Nanocarriers can protect and control the release of active compounds and can enhance the performance of biopolymeric matrices. 
  • 957
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Osteoimmunomodulatory Biomaterials
The critical role of the immune system in host defense against foreign bodies and pathogens has been long recognized. With the introduction of a new field of research called osteoimmunology, the crosstalk between the immune and bone-forming cells has been studied more thoroughly, leading to the conclusion that the two systems are intimately connected through various cytokines, signaling molecules, transcription factors and receptors.
  • 956
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Pullulan-Based Biomaterials
Polysaccharide polymers have been used to fabricate wound dressings. The applications of biopolymers, such as chitin, gelatin, pullulan, and chitosan, have greatly expanded in the biomedical field due to their non-toxic, antibacterial, biocompatible, hemostatic, and nonimmunogenic properties. Most of these polymers have been used in the form of foams, films, sponges, and fibers in drug carrier devices, skin tissue scaffolds, and wound dressings. Currently, special focus has been directed towards the fabrication of wound dressings based on synthesized hydrogels using natural polymers. The high-water retention capacity of hydrogels makes them potent candidates for wound dressings as they provide a moist environment in the wound and remove excess wound fluid, thereby accelerating wound healing. The incorporation of pullulan with different, naturally occurring polymers, such as chitosan, in wound dressings is currently attracting much attention due to the antimicrobial, antioxidant and nonimmunogenic properties. Despite the valuable properties of pullulan, it also has some limitations, such as poor mechanical properties and high cost. However, these properties are improved by blending it with different polymers. Additionally, more investigations are required to obtain pullulan derivatives with suitable properties in high quality wound dressings and tissue engineering applications. 
  • 950
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogel
Biocompatible self-healing hydrogels are new-generation smart soft materials that hold great promise in biomedical fields. Chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels, mainly prepared via dynamic imine bonds, have attracted broad attention due to their mild preparation conditions, excellent biocompatibility, and self-recovery ability under a physiological environment.
  • 949
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication of Polymersomes: A Macromolecular Architecture in Nanotherapeutics
In consideration of the issues of drug delivery systems, the artificial vesicle structures composed of block copolymers called polymersomes recently gained considerable attention. The possibility of tuning the mechanical parameter and increasing the scale-up production of polymersomes led to its wide application in healthcare. Bearing in mind the disease condition, the structure and properties of the polymersomes could be tuned to serve the purpose. Furthermore, specific ligands can be incorporated on the vesicular surface to induce smart polymersomes, thus improving targeted delivery. The synthesis method and surface functionalization are the two key aspects that determine the versatility of biological applications as they account for stability, specific targeting, degradability, biocompatibility, and bioavailability. A perfectly aligned polymer vesicle can mimic the cells/organelles and function by avoiding cytotoxicity. This supramolecular structure can carry and deliver payloads of a wide range, including drugs, proteins, and genes, contributing to the construction of next-generation therapeutics. These aspects promote the potential use of such components as a framework to approach damaged tissue while maintaining healthy environments during circulation. 
  • 948
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Monitoring of Bone Health
Changing lifestyle and food habits are responsible for health problems, especially those related to bone in an aging population. Poor bone health has now become a serious matter of concern for many of us. In order to avoid serious consequences, the early prediction of symptoms and diagnosis of bone diseases have become the need of the hour. From this inspiration, the evolution of different bone health monitoring techniques and measurement methods practiced by researchers and healthcare companies has been discussed. This paper focuses on various types of bone diseases along with the modeling and remodeling phenomena of bones. The evolution of various diagnosis tests for bone health monitoring has been also discussed. Various types of bone turnover markers, their assessment techniques, and recent developments for the monitoring of biochemical markers to diagnose the bone conditions are highlighted. Then, the paper focuses on the potential assessment of the recent sensing techniques (physical sensors and biosensors) that are currently available for bone health monitoring. Considering the importance of electrochemical biosensors in terms of high sensitivity and reliability, specific attention has been given to the recent development of electrochemical biosensors and significance in real-time monitoring of bone health.
  • 947
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oxide Bioceramic Composites
Ceramic composites based on alumina and zirconia have found a wide field of application in the present century in orthopedic joint replacements, and their use in dentistry is spreading. The development of this class of bioceramic composites was started in the 1980s, but the first clinical applications of the total hip replacement joint were introduced in the market only in the early 2000s. Since then, several composite systems were introduced in joint replacements. These materials are classified as Zirconia-Toughened Alumina if alumina is the main component or as Alumina-Toughened Zirconia when zirconia is the main component. In addition, some of them may contain a third phase based on strontium exa-aluminate. The flexibility in device design due to the excellent mechanical behavior of this class of bioceramics results in a number of innovative devices for joint replacements in the hip, the knee, and the shoulder, as well in dental implants.
  • 942
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Mineralization for Enamel and Dentin
The tooth, including enamel and dentin, is a prominent biomineral that is produced by the biomineralization of living organisms. In clinical dentistry, traditional remineralization is achieved by using fluoride to enhance the deposition of calcium phosphate on the enamel surface, which is called an acid-resistant layer of fluorapatite. Despite this method having been successful in hardening enamel, the structure of this mineral layer is disordered and loose, and distinct from the natural enamel. Inspired by the process of natural enamel formation, strategies of biomimetic remineralization have been proposed and developed for several decades. These strategies include simulating in-body mineralization conditions, such as the enamel disks immersed in simulated body fluid, to mimic the function of the proteins involved in the biomineralization of the tooth, and constructing a mineralization front similar to that observed during the formation of calcified tissue. These methods allow the regrowth of HAP crystals on the enamel surface in an attempt to replicate the complex structure of the tooth and restore its mechanical properties.
  • 942
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biopolymeric Materials as Nonviral Vectors
Bacterial transformation and gene transfection can be understood as being the results of introducing specific genetic material into cells, resulting in gene expression, and adding a new genetic trait to the host cell. Many studies have been carried out to investigate different types of lipids and cationic polymers as promising nonviral vectors for DNA transfer. The present study focused on the use of biopolymeric materials as nonviral vectors. The methodology was carried out based on searches of scientific articles and applications for patents published or deposited from 2006 to 2020 in different databases for patents (EPO, USPTO, and INPI) and articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo). The results showed that there are some deposits of patents regarding the use of chitosan as a gene carrier. The 16 analyzed articles allowed us to infer that the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is limited due to the low diversity of biopolymers used for these purposes. It was also observed that the use of different materials as nonviral vectors is based on chemical structure modifications of the material, mainly by the addition of cationic groups. Thus, the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is still limited to only a few polysaccharide types, emphasizing the need for further studies involving the use of different biopolymers in processes of gene transfer.
  • 940
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Systems for Dry Eye
Dry eye disease (DED) is a widespread and frequently reported multifactorial ocular disease that not only causes ocular discomfort but also damages the cornea and conjunctiva. Topical administration is the most common treatment modality for DED. Due to the existence of multiple biological barriers, instilled drugs generally exhibit short action times and poor penetration on the ocular surface. To resolve these issues, several advanced drug delivery systems have been proposed.
  • 935
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lanthanide-Doped Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals and Nanoheterostructures
The combination of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals (IHP NCs) with nanoparticles consisting of lanthanide-doped matrix (Ln NPs, such as NaYF4:Yb,Er NPs) is stable, near-infrared (NIR) excitable and emission tuneable (up-shifting emission), all of them desirable properties for biological applications. In addition, luminescence in inorganic perovskite nanomaterials has recently been sensitized via lanthanide doping.
  • 934
  • 11 Jul 2022
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