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Topic Review
GeForce 7 Series
The GeForce 7 series is the seventh generation of Nvidia's GeForce graphics processing units. This was the last series available on AGP cards. A slightly modified GeForce 7-based card (more specifically based on the 7800GTX) is present as the RSX Reality Synthesizer, which is present on the PlayStation 3.
  • 3.6K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Venice Charter
The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice, that provides an international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. However, the document is now seen as outdated, representing Modernist views opposed to reconstruction. Reconstruction is now cautiously accepted by UNESCO in exceptional circumstances if it seeks to reflect a pattern of use or cultural practice that sustains cultural value, and is based on complete documentation without reliance on conjecture. The change in attitude can be marked by the reconstruction in 2015 of the Sufi mausoleums at the Timbuktu World Heritage Site in Mali after their destruction in 2012.
  • 3.6K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Minitel
The Minitel was a Videotex online service accessible through telephone lines, and is considered one of the world's most successful pre-World Wide Web online services. The service was rolled out experimentally in 1978 in Brittany and throughout France in 1982 by the PTT (Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones; divided since 1991 between France Télécom and La Poste). From its early days, users could make online purchases, make train reservations, check stock prices, search the telephone directory, have a mail box, and chat in a similar way to what is now made possible by the Internet. In February 2009, France Télécom indicated the Minitel network still had 10 million monthly connections. France Télécom retired the service on 30 June 2012.
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory (or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. For example, short-term memory can be used to remember a phone number that has just been recited. The duration of short-term memory (when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of seconds. A commonly cited capacity of items to remember is The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two (also called Miller's Law, despite Miller calling the figure "little more than a joke" (Miller, 1989, page 401)). Cowan (2001) suggests that a more realistic figure is 4±1 items. In contrast, long-term memory holds information indefinitely. Short-term memory should be distinguished from working memory, which refers to structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information (see details below).
  • 3.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Biological Sciences
Artificial intelligence (AI), currently a cutting-edge concept, has the potential to improve the quality of life of human beings. The fields of AI and biological research are becoming more intertwined, and methods for extracting and applying the information stored in live organisms are constantly being refined. As the field of AI matures with more trained algorithms, the potential of its application in epidemiology, the study of host–pathogen interactions and drug designing widens. AI is now being applied in several fields of drug discovery, customized medicine, gene editing, radiography, image processing and medication management. More precise diagnosis and cost-effective treatment will be possible in the near future due to the application of AI-based technologies. In the field of agriculture, farmers have reduced waste, increased output and decreased the amount of time it takes to bring their goods to market due to the application of advanced AI-based approaches. Moreover, with the use of AI through machine learning (ML) and deep-learning-based smart programs, one can modify the metabolic pathways of living systems to obtain the best possible outputs with the minimal inputs. Such efforts can improve the industrial strains of microbial species to maximize the yield in the bio-based industrial setup. 
  • 3.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bacteriophage Tail Fiber Interaction with Host Surface Receptor
Bacteriophages (phages), as natural antibacterial agents, are being rediscovered because of the growing threat of multi- and pan-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens globally. Most phages package their genome in the proteinaceous capsid (or head) and have a tail attached to the capsid. Tailed double-stranded DNA bacteriophages belonging to the class Caudoviricetes (Cauda means “tail” in Latin) are the most prevalent (~96% of all known phages). Based on tail morphology, they are further classified into three morphotypes: myovirus, siphovirus, and podovirus. Myophages (e.g., T4, T2, Mu, S16, and φKZ) have long, rigid, contractile tails with a sheath around a central tube; siphophages (e.g., λ, T5, HK97, and SPP1) possess long, flexible, non-contractile tails; and podophages (e.g., T7, T3, P22, and φ29) have short, non-contractile tails. Of these, myophages possess the most complex tail architectures with the greatest number of proteins involved in tail assembly and function.
  • 3.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plants Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
Anthocyanins are natural pigments with antioxidant effects that exist in various fruits and vegetables. The accumulation of anthocyanins is induced by environmental signals and regulated by transcription factors in plants. Numerous evidence has indicated that among the environmental factors, light is one of the most signal regulatory factors involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
  • 3.6K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Iranian Household Electricity Use Compared to Selected Countries
Buildings account for nearly 40% of energy use in global contexts and climatic conditions tend to contribute to consumption. Human activities are also influential in energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that lead to global warming. Residential buildings are responsible for a considerable share. There are countries aggravating this situation by heavily relying on fossil fuels. Oil-rich countries are allocating an energy subsidy to the public, making energy cheaper for their consumers. This may result in negative consequences, including households’ inefficient energy use behaviours in countries such as Iran. Beyond the impact of energy subsidy allocation, this study aims to explore the climatic and non-climatic factors that affect the increase in domestic electricity use, particularly in Iran. For this purpose, this study begins with a comparative analysis between countries with and without the energy subsidy to examine the trends in domestic electricity use. Afterwards, the tendency of households’ electricity use in Iran will be analysed in consideration of climatic and non-climatic factors among several provinces in Iran. This study exploited published statistical data for the analysis. The results indicate the tendency of increased domestic electricity use due to the country’s generous subsidy offered to the public as well as climatic and non-climatic factors in Iran. These results may provide an opportunity for future studies regarding building occupants’ inefficient energy use behaviours for policy enactment in Iran and other oil-rich countries.
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Gravity Concentration Techniques in Urban Mining Applications
Urban mining has emerged as a concept that goes beyond conventional recycling, as it aims to tackle both the challenges of solid waste generation and management, as well as the scarcity of primary resources. Gravity concentration has gained increasing attention as a promising method for addressing crucial challenges in urban mining applications. Gravity concentration has a long history, dating back to ancient times. During this time, numerous methods have been developed, and for each method, various equipment has been manufactured and commercialized. Therefore, categorizing gravity concentration techniques is not an easy task, and it ultimately depends on the criteria that one relies upon. Such criteria may include whether the operation is dry or wet, the capacity of the equipment, the typical efficiency (the efficiency of gravity concentration equipment can be evaluated using the partition or Tromp curve method. In this, the separation is assessed by examining the fraction of material in each density fraction that ends up in the product, and how this relates to the original fraction present in the feed. More details can be found in mineral processing textbooks), the process target (yield or content), the costs involved, and others. Of these criteria, the operating size range is the most critical factor that should be considered when selecting appropriate gravity concentration techniques for a given application.
  • 3.6K
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Composition and Structure of Silk Fibroin
Silk fibroin is the principal component of raw silk and represents an extensively studied and utilized biopolymer. Silk fibroin is composed by three chains, light, heavy, and P25 protein. Heavy chain is rigorously organized in redundant aminoacidic sequences rich in glycine and alanine, secondary structure is organized in anti-parallel β-sheets that in turn form β-crystallites stacked in nano-fibrils. Those peculiar fibroin’s structural and compositional elements are crucial to determine the excellent physical properties, such as strength and toughness. Besides these characteristics, the processability and biocompatibility have attracted significant attention for the fabrication of several biomaterials suitable in many fields of application.
  • 3.6K
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Attention Mechanism for Remote Sensing
Machine learning, particularly deep learning (DL), has become a central and state-of-the-art method for several computer vision applications and remote sensing (RS) image processing. Researchers are continually trying to improve the performance of the DL methods by developing new architectural designs of the networks and/or developing new techniques, such as attention mechanisms. Since the attention mechanism has been proposed, regardless of its type, it has been increasingly used for diverse RS applications to improve the performances of the existing DL methods.
  • 3.6K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Covalent Organic Framework (COFs)
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are 2D or 3D low density crystalline porous materials with periodically ordered skeletons constituted by organic molecules linked through covalent bonds. They were first reported by Yaghi and collaborators in 2005 from condensation of benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) alone and in the presence of hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) in a simple one-pot procedure at 120 °C, obtaining a boroxine COF (COF-1) and a boronate ester COF (COF-5), respectively. Since then, there has been steady growth in the number of published works dealing with the synthesis, properties, and catalytic applications of COFs.
  • 3.6K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mono
Mono is a free and open-source project to create an Ecma standard-compliant .NET Framework-compatible software framework, including a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime. Originally by Ximian, it was later acquired by Novell, and is now being led by Xamarin, a subsidiary of Microsoft and the .NET Foundation. The stated purpose of Mono is not only to be able to run Microsoft .NET applications cross-platform, but also to bring better development tools to Linux developers. Mono can be run on many software systems including Android, most Linux distributions, BSD, macOS, Windows, Solaris, and even some game consoles such as PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360. The Mono project has been controversial within the open-source community, as it implements portions of .NET Framework that may be covered by Microsoft patents. Although standardized portions of .NET Framework are covered under Microsoft Open Specification Promise—a covenant stating that Microsoft will not assert its patents against implementations of its specifications under certain conditions—other portions are not, which led to concerns that the Mono project could become the target of patent infringement lawsuits. Following Microsoft's open-sourcing of several core .NET technologies since 2014 and its acquisition of Xamarin in the beginning of 2016, an updated patent promise has been issued for the Mono project (§ Mono and Microsoft's patents). The logo of Mono is a stylized monkey's face, mono being Spanish for monkey.
  • 3.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Global Trends in Halal Food Standards
The demand for ethical foods is rising, with halal foods playing a significant role in this trend. However, halal standards vary globally, which can have substantial implications. Multiple Halal Certification Bodies (HCBs) can approve food products but they often prioritize national regulations over international alignment.
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound present in a wide variety of vegetables and fruit, such as onion, asparagus, red leaf lettuce, cilantro, lovage, dill, capers, apples, and berries. Quercetin represents the highest percentage of total flavonoid intake and is the most important component of flavonol subclass, often the base of other flavonoids. Thus, quercetin has been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative disorders as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-viral and anti-microbial properties, and cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities.
  • 3.6K
  • 07 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Surfactants
Polymeric surfactants are surfactant molecules that have a polymeric backbone, which can be made up of various repeating units. These surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, which allows them to interact with both water and oil. Polymeric surfactants are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of paints, adhesives, and coatings. They can improve the stability and performance of these products by reducing the surface tension and promoting the dispersion of pigments and fillers. In addition, polymeric surfactants are also used in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. They can help to improve the texture and feel of these products, as well as enhance their cleaning and conditioning properties. One of the key advantages of polymeric surfactants is their ability to form stable micelles in solution. These micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form a spherical structure with the hydrophobic segments on the inside and the hydrophilic segments on the outside. This allows for efficient emulsification of oil and water, which is important in a variety of industrial processes. Polymeric surfactants are a versatile class of surfactants that offer several unique properties and advantages in various applications. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickening agents, and have potential applications in areas such as agriculture, oil and gas, and papermaking. Polymeric surfactants are a diverse class of surfactants that can be classified based on their composition, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. They offer a range of unique properties and advantages in various applications, including cosmetics, food and beverage products, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
  • 3.6K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Safety of Food Fungal Pigments
Pigments play a major role in many industries. Natural colors are usually much safer when compared to synthetic colors and may even possess some medicinal benefits. Synthetic colors are economical and can easily be produced compared to natural colors. In addition, raw plant materials for natural colors are limited and season dependent. Microorganisms provide an alternative source for natural colors and, among them, fungi provide a wide range of natural colorants that could easily be produced cheaply and with high yield. Along with pigment, some microbial strains are also capable of producing a number of mycotoxins. The commercial use of microbial pigments relies on the safety of colorants.
  • 3.6K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Neuromarketing and Its Challenges and Limitations
Neuromarketing is a hybrid field involving three main fields: neuroscience, psychology, and marketing. Neuromarketing uses neuroscience technology (e.g., electroencephalography (EEG)) to study, explore, and understand consumers’ unconscious behavior in response to marketing and advertising research. Neuromarketing refers to the academic use of neuroscience to study and better understand the neural and physiological responses of the customer, such as decision making, emotions, attention, and memory, in response to marketing stimuli including television advertisements.
  • 3.6K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Inclusion and Students with Intellectual Disabilities
Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have the same right to participate in the general education curriculum as their typically developing peers. Inclusion is the belief that all individuals with diverse needs may participate in society.  In schools, inclusion implies acceptance of differences and access to the the general education curriculum and environmnet. Students with more severe cognitive disabilities and daily living skill needs called intellectual disabilities (ID) can be successful in the inclusive classroom with appropriate supports and services.  For individuals with ID in general education classrooms, inclusion in the general education setting is critical to their long-term participation in the community, improved academic and behavioral performance, and has been associated with positive health and well-being.
  • 3.6K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Triangle Center
In geometry, a triangle center (or triangle centre) is a point in the plane that is in some sense a center of a triangle akin to the centers of squares and circles, that is, a point that is in the middle of the figure by some measure. For example the centroid, circumcenter, incenter and orthocenter were familiar to the ancient Greeks, and can be obtained by simple constructions. Each of these classical centers has the property that it is invariant (more precisely equivariant) under similarity transformations. In other words, for any triangle and any similarity transformation (such as a rotation, reflection, dilation, or translation), the center of the transformed triangle is the same point as the transformed center of the original triangle. This invariance is the defining property of a triangle center. It rules out other well-known points such as the Brocard points which are not invariant under reflection and so fail to qualify as triangle centers. All centers of an equilateral triangle coincide at its centroid, but they generally differ from each other on scalene triangles. The definitions and properties of thousands of triangle centers have been collected in the Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers.
  • 3.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
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