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Topic Review
Oscilloscope History
The history of the oscilloscope reaches back to the first recordings of waveforms with a galvanometer coupled to a mechanical drawing system in the second decade of the 19th century. The modern day digital oscilloscope is a consequence of multiple generations of development of the oscillograph, cathode-ray tubes, analog oscilloscopes, and digital electronics.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Machines Additive Manufacturing
Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. Additive manufacturing (AM)offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sequrity aspects in Smart Meters
Smart meters are of the basic elements in the so-called Smart Grid. These devices, connected to the Internet, keep bidirectional communication with other devices in the Smart Grid structure to allow remote readings and maintenance. As any other device connected to a network, smart meters become vulnerable to attacks with different purposes, like stealing data or altering readings. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular to buy and plug-and-play smart meters, additionally to those installed by the energy providers, to directly monitor the energy consumption at home. This option inherently entails security risks that are under the responsibility of householders. In this paper, we focus on an open solution based on Smartpi 2.0 devices with two purposes. On the one hand, we propose a network configuration and different data flows to exchange data (energy readings) in the home. These flows are designed to support collaborative among the devices in order to prevent external attacks and attempts of corrupting the data. On the other hand, we check the vulnerability by performing two kind of attacks (denial of service and stealing and changing data by using a malware).
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Thin-Film Solar Cells
Due to the surge in silicon demand for solar modules, thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules have a potential to penetrate the market in significant numbers. As an alternate candidate, thin film technologies in PVs have the ability to achieve better performance. The competing thin-film PV technologies have the flexibility to adapt to any sort of curvature compared to rigid solar cells (SCs). Due to the peculiar characteristics of newer solar materials, stability issues, reflection losses, advancements in electrode materials and dopant materials with a photoactive layer are current challenges driving the industrial-academic voyage of development of solar materials for the betterment of Photo-conversion Efficiency (PCE). Based on the photoactive materials used over time, SC evolution was broadly classified into first, second and third generation SCs.  
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Topologies for CMOS CP Circuits
CP design topologies have been analyzed with different design and process schemes in the last decades . 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Nanocomposites
PE and PVC Polymer nanocomposites used in underground cables have been of great interest to researchers over the past 10 years.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Theoretical Framework of Thermoelectric Generation
The world’s growing energy demand poses several concerns regarding the rational and efficient use of energy resources. This is also the case for many industrial processes, where energy losses and particularly thermal losses are common. Thermoelectric generators offer an alternative to address some of these challenges by recovering wasted heat and thereby increasing the overall efficiency of these processes. The successful operation of the thermoelectrical modules meant to carry this process is only possible when pairing these to an external control system; such a system plays an important role in predicting and operating such modules at its maximum power point.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Waveguide Structures
Liquid crystal materials can be used to make either a core, in which light beams can be confined, or a cladding of optical waveguides.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Printed Humidity Sensors
Printing technologies have been attracting increasing interest in the manufacture of electronic devices and sensors. They offer a unique set of advantages such as additive material deposition and low to no material waste, digitally-controlled design and printing, elimination of multiple steps for device manufacturing, wide material compatibility and large scale production to name but a few.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
MEMS-Based Tunable Metamaterials
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is a well-known technology that mechanically reconfigures the metamaterial unit cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Cyber-Security
       The study examines the existing approaches to address cyber-physical security from a microgrid perspective. the work on the smart grid application, in general, lacks approach intersections and is still being dealt with from separate domains in the research world. Using the microgrid model to carry out experiments on the cyber-physical security has plenty of practical justifications attributed to the important role it plays in paving the way towards smart grids, the microgrid’s context was mainly consulted owing to the relative simplicity in capturing and recording the interventions, either as an injected attack or control modification. Cybersecurity measures for energy systems still come as accessories and not as a built-in function. In particular, for most of the part, the electricity-related equipment that gets evolved at an exponential rate makes it extremely difficult for cyber defenses’ mechanisms to keep pace with this development in the absence of up-to-date standards and common market trends. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Categorization of Radiation-Hardened-by-Design Flip-Flops
In this review, previously presented RHBD FFs are classified into three categories with an overview ofeach category. Six well-known RHBD FFs architectures are simulated using a 180 nm CMOS processto show a fair comparison between them while the conventional Transmission Gate Flip-Flop (TGFF)is used as a reference design for this comparison. The results of the comparison are analyzed to givesome important highlights about each design.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twin Concept Developing on an Electrical System
Through the transformation that the electrical sector has been passing by, improvements in asset management and the guarantee of sustainable and quality services have become essential aspects for power companies. Thus, the digitalization of energy utilities presents itself as an important and crucial process. A concept that involves a variety of innovative trends is the digital twin. It consists of a 3D virtual replica of existing physical objects and real-time monitoring of certain measures. By developing a digital twin in the electrical power grid, a virtual replica of the network is obtained providing network virtual maps, 3D asset models, dynamic and real-time data of grid assets, and IoT sensing. All these data can feed a platform where AI-based models and advanced field operation technologies and solutions will be applied. With a Network Digital Twin©development, applications involving on-field activities can be improved through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance workforce operations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Hybrid Systems
Renewable energies are those sources of energy that can be obtained naturally without depleting the planet’s resources. Hybrid renewable energy systems are those that combine two or more renewable energy sources to generate electricity.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are used for increasing safety in the automotive domain, yet current ADASs notably operate without taking into account drivers’ states, e.g., whether she/he is emotionally apt to drive.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Information Society, Electronics and AI
This entry presents relations between information society (IS), electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) mainly through twenty-four IS laws. The laws not only make up a novel collection, currently non-existing in the literature, but they also highlight the core boosting mechanism for the progress of what is called the information society and AI. The laws mainly describe the exponential growth in a particular field, be it the processing, storage or transmission capabilities of electronic devices. Other rules describe the relations to production prices and human interaction. Overall, the IS laws illustrate the most recent and most vibrant part of human history based on the unprecedented growth of device capabilities spurred by human innovation and ingenuity. Although there are signs of stalling, at the same time there are still many ways to prolong the fascinating progress of electronics that stimulates the field of artificial intelligence. There are constant leaps in new areas, such as the perception of real-world signals, where AI is already occasionally exceeding human capabilities and will do so even more in the future. In some areas where AI is presumed to be incapable of performing even at a modest level, such as the production of art or programming software, AI is making progress that can sometimes reflect true human skills. Maybe it is time for AI to boost the progress of electronics in return.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Optimization Approaches and Techniques for Automotive Alternators
Optimization and improvement of the electrical system are applied to cope with the increased demand for electrical power in the vehicular system; they must be carried out in many ways to ensure that the vehicles are provided with the necessary electricity for their performance work electrical equipment.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Affinity Sensors for COVID-19 Diagnosis
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection spreading. Therefore, the creation and implementation of fast, reliable and responsive methods suitable for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are required. These needs can be fulfilled using affinity sensors, which differ in applied detection methods and markers that are generating analytical signals. Recently, nucleic acid hybridization, antigen-antibody interaction, and change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level are mostly used for the generation of analytical signals, which can be accurately measured by electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance, field-effect transistors, and some other methods and transducers.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Maximum Power Point Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
The characteristics of a PV (photovoltaic) module is non-linear and vary with nature. The tracking of maximum power point (MPP) at various atmospheric conditions is essential for the reliable operation of solar-integrated power generation units. Researchers compare the most widely used maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques such as the perturb and observe method (P&O), incremental conductance method (INC), fuzzy logic controller method (FLC), neural network (NN) model, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method (ANFIS) with the modern approach of the hybrid method (neural network + P&O) for PV systems. The hybrid method combines the strength of the neural network and P&O in a single framework. The PV system is composed of a PV panel, converter, MPPT unit, and load modelled using MATLAB/Simulink. These methods differ in their characteristics such as convergence speed, ease of implementation, sensors used, cost, and range of efficiencies. Based on all these, performances are evaluated. In this analysis, the drawbacks of the methods are studied, and wastage of the panel’s available output energy is observed. The hybrid technique concedes a spontaneous recovery during dynamic changes in environmental conditions. The simulation results illustrate the improvements obtained by the hybrid method in comparison to other techniques.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
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