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Topic Review
Caspian Seal
The Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica) is a unique marine mammal native to the Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland body of water. Renowned for its distinctive appearance and adaptation to brackish water habitats, this seal species faces numerous threats to its survival, including habitat degradation, pollution, and overfishing. As one of the few seal species inhabiting a landlocked environment, the Caspian Seal plays a crucial ecological role in maintaining the balance of the Caspian Sea ecosystem.
  • 876
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oenological Tool
Any oenological tool is expected to reveal its goodness once it is used during winemaking. An oenological tool can be any type of element whose use can improve both the winemaking process and the final result. Therefore, use of natural elements such as bee pollen, thanks to its rich composition, could provide nutrients to yeasts and improve fermentation kinetics.
  • 876
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Macrophage in Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease with progressive bone loss. The bone loss is associated with an imbalance between bone resorption via osteoclasts and bone formation via osteoblasts. Other cells including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and osteocytes are also involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Different cytokines from activated macrophages can regulate or stimulate the development of osteoclastogenesis-associated bone loss. The fusion of macrophages can form multinucleated osteoclasts and, thus, cause bone resorption via the expression of IL-4 and IL-13. Different cytokines, endocrines, and chemokines are also expressed that may affect the presentation of macrophages in osteoporosis.
  • 875
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotics for Animal Husbandry
Since the 1950s, antibiotics have been used in the field of animal husbandry for growth promotion, therapy and disease prophylaxis. It is estimated that up to 80% of the antibiotics produced by the pharmaceutical industries are used in food production. Most of the antibiotics are used as feed additives at sub-therapeutic levels to promote growth. However, studies show the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens that threaten both animal health and human health, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). This scenario is further complicated by the slow progress in achieving scientific breakthroughs in uncovering novel antibiotics following the 1960s. Most of the pharmaceutical industries have long diverted research funds away from the field of antibiotic discovery to more lucrative areas of drug development. If this situation is allowed to continue, humans will return to the pre-antibiotics era and potentially succumb to huge health and economic consequences. Fortunately, studies investigating various alternatives to antibiotics use in livestock show promising results. These alternatives include the application of bacteriophages and phage derived peptidoglycan degrading enzymes, engineered peptides, egg yolk antibodies, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, as well as quorum quenching molecules. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the use of growth-promoting antibiotics and their impact on livestock and provide insights on the alternative approaches for animal husbandry. 
  • 873
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Organic Farming
Because agriculture is a key source of environmental pressures, the need to urgently reduce the impacts of agricultural activities on biodiversity, freshwater and marine pollution, greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, and soils has been recognized by the European Union. Thus, three of the post-2020 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) objectives concern the environment and climate change. More specifically, a substantial contribution is scheduled to mitigate climate change, foster sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources, protect biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services, and preserve wildlife habitats and landscapes. These challenges can be addressed by the adoption of more sustainable agricultural production systems such as organic farming. 
  • 872
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Drought in Chickpea
Chickpea productivity has been found to be around 995 kg ha−1 on a global scale, which is quite low. Drought, terminal heat, excessive salt, and cold are abiotic variables. Several factors are responsible for complexity of drought stress, including severity of drought, stage of crop, and duration of drought stress.
  • 871
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Kodkod
The Kodkod, scientifically known as Leopardus guigna, is a small wild cat species native to the temperate forests of South America. It is one of the smallest wild cats in the Americas, with adults typically weighing between 2 to 3 kilograms. Despite its diminutive size, the Kodkod is a skilled predator, preying on small mammals, birds, and insects, and plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance within its habitat.
  • 871
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Rumen Development of Goats
As small ruminant species, goat kids are born with deficient physical, metabolic, and microbial rumen development. The rumen is the point of contact between the host and the nutrients consumed, where most nutrient digestion and metabolism occur. The process of rumen development, including morphology, metabolic function, and microbial colonization, is a temporal and successional process during the early stage of life. 
  • 869
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fermented Foods and Gut Microbiota
Fermented foods and beverages are generally defined as products made by microbial organisms and enzymatic conversions of major and minor food components. Further to the commonly-recognized effects of nutrition on the digestive health and well-being, there is now strong evidence for the impact of fermented foods and beverages, produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms, on general health, namely their significance on the gut microbiota balance and brain functionality. 
  • 868
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Zebrafish Motile Cilia
Zebrafish is a vertebrate teleost widely used in many areas of research. As embryos, they develop quickly and provide unique opportunities for research studies owing to their transparency for at least 48 h post fertilization. Zebrafish have many ciliated organs that include primary cilia as well as motile cilia. Using zebrafish as an animal model helps to better understand human diseases such as Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), an autosomal recessive disorder that affects cilia motility, currently associated with more than 50 genes. 
  • 868
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Climate-Smart Agriculture Technology Adoption by Farming Households
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies have been developed by scientists and researchers amidst the high rise in climate change. Some of these technologies are improved versions of old practices while a few others are entirely new in the system. Appropriate technologies to adapt to the changing climatic condition will necessarily need to be drought-tolerant, grow and produce well within a short duration, tolerant to multiple pests and diseases, able to produce well under marginal soil fertility conditions, and high yielding among other desirable traits.
  • 866
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.
The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities of the Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. (Cd) shrub were investigated considering the biological activity of its phytogenic compounds.
  • 865
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pig and Wild-Boar Distinguishing
The pig, one of the most important livestock species, is a meaningful source of global meat production. It is necessary to prove whether a food product that a discerning customer selects in a store is actually made from pork or venison, or does not contain it at all. The problem of food authenticity is widespread worldwide, and cases of meat adulteration have accelerated the development of food and the identification methods of feed species. It is worth noting that several different molecular biology techniques can identify a porcine component.
  • 863
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biochar
Biochar, a carbon-rich material, is a by-product of pyrolysis (a thermo-chemical reaction in oxygen-depleted or oxygen-limited atmospheres). [1][2][3]
  • 862
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Role of Hydrocolloids in Gluten-Free Bread
Hydrocolloids are a group of water-soluble polysaccharides with different chemical structures, high molecular weight and hydrophilic long-chain molecules. 
  • 862
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Stress in Different Animal Species
When studying stress in animals, it is important to understand the types of stress and their classification, and how to assess the stress levels in different animal species using different matrices accurately and precisely. Among biomarkers, it is crucial to always identify the reliable ones depending on the applicability of the sample, as the markers must be highly correlated with the specific pathophysiological aspects of the particular stress. 
  • 862
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cows’ Milk Allergy-Associated Constipation
Constipation is a very common disorder, mostly functional in nature, that may persist for years in up to 35–52% of children. Food allergy prevalence, severity and persistence are increasing over time, and cows’ milk protein is the commonest food allergen recognised to affect gastrointestinal motility in children. There is mounting evidence of the role of cows’ milk (CM) allergy (CMA) in children with constipation.
  • 860
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Drought and Salinity in Citriculture
Among the various abiotic stresses, drought is the major factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. Citrus has been recognized as a fruit tree crop group of great importance to the global agricultural sector since there are 140 citrus-producing countries worldwide. The majority of citrus-producing areas are subjected to dry and hot summer weather, limited availability of water resources with parallel low-quality irrigation water due to increased salinity regimes. Citrus trees are generally classified as “salt-intolerant” with high water needs, especially during summer. Water scarcity negatively affects plant growth and impairs cell metabolism, affecting the overall tree growth and the quality of produced fruit. Key factors that overall attempt to sustain and withstand the negative effect of salinity and drought stress are the extensive use of rootstocks in citriculture as well as the appropriate agronomical and irrigation practices applied.
  • 858
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
GRAS Salts and Control of Fresh Fruit Decay
Pathogenic filamentous fungi are the most important causal agents of postharvest decay of fresh fruits. Depending on the fruit species, cultivar, and a wide range of pre- and postharvest factors and conditions, the incidence of fungal decay can cause considerable economic losses to growers and traders, especially if the produce is intended for export markets. Control of postharvest diseases of fresh fruits has relied for many years on the continuous use of conventional chemical fungicides. However, nonpolluting alternatives are increasingly needed because of human health and environmental issues related to the generation of chemical residues. Low-toxicity chemicals classified as food preservatives or as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds have known and very low toxicological effects on mammals and minimal impact on the environment. Among them, inorganic or organic salts such as carbonates, sorbates, benzoates, silicates, etc., show significant advantages for potential commercial use, such as their availability, low cost, and general high solubility in water. 
  • 850
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plant Aspartic Proteases
Proteases are an integral part of plant defense systems, with several hubs of action, from pathogen recognition and priming to the activation of plant hypersensitive response. Within this wide group of proteolytic enzymes, aspartic proteases have been implicated in several plant development functions and are gaining more prominence due to their involvement in plant–pathogen interactions. 
  • 849
  • 05 Mar 2021
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