Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
DSSCs are functional and efficient even in diffuse light, therefore they can generate electricity in the morning, evening and even indoors. Even as silicon prices fall and silicon-based photovoltaics become cheaper, DSSCs have great potential as they can be used in additional applications such as indoor and diffuse light. With a variety of fields of application, huge quantities of DSSCs could be produced in the future. With low production costs and no necessity for toxic compounds DSSCs are a potential product, which could circulate in the loops of a circular economy.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Lithium Recovery System
Various lithium recovery technologies have been developed as securing lithium resources has become increasingly important. Among these technologies, the electrochemical lithium recovery (ELR) system is a rapid and eco-friendly extraction method that has been studied recently. In this study, an ELR system using a spinel-type LiMn2O4 (LMO) is briefly reviewed. As LMO electrodes have high Li+ selectivity and stability compared to other lithium battery cathodes, they have been widely used as positive electrodes for the ELR system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Farming and Cultivation
We like to report on the concept of an advanced energy-engineering system for self-sustainable and rural areas farming and cultivation (RAFC). In this energy-engineering approach, we accounted for the effects of thin-film coated energy-saving features, in an optimized off-grid hybrid power generation system for advanced farm-house. Design and optimization of a hybrid (photovoltaic-battery-generator) power system have been performed by using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro _ Version 3.14.0) software, developed by National Renewable Energy Limited (NREL, Boulder, CO 80301, USA). Optimized results show that the off-grid hybrid system together with the additional Low-E type coating assisted energy-saving features is more feasible for next-generation modern cultivation and farming with long-term sustainability. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Renewable Energy and Sustainability
One of the most effective ways to achieve sustainability targets is to use renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, biodiesel, ethanol, hydroelectric, and also tidal, since they contribute to reduce energy dependence on fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduce environmental pollution, and improve the efficiency of the electrical grid.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
GHDs with Solar Technologies
Greenhouse dryers (GHDs) are simple facilities that can provide large capacities for drying agricultural products. The solar GHDs (SGHDs) are classified as passive and active systems. The passive SGHDs have a heat transfer through natural convection, whereas, SGHDs having a heat transfer through forced convection are called active dryers. Active SGHDs can be integrated with different solar technologies, including photovoltaic (PV), photovoltaic-thermal (PVT), and solar thermal collectors. Additionally, solar-assisted greenhouse dryers (SGHDs) can be integrated with heat pumps and thermal energy storage (TES) units and presented in hybrid configuration considering their integration with other renewable energy sources with the aim of improving the thermal performance.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biomass Availability in Europe
Biomass has been demonstrated as a capable source of energy to fulfill the increasing demand for clean energy sources which could last a long time. Replacing fossil fuels with biomass-based ones can potentially lead to a reduction of carbon emissions, which is the main target of the EU climate strategy. Based on RED II (revised Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU) and the European Green Deal, biomass is a promising energy source for achieving carbon neutrality in the future. However, the sustainable potential of biomass resources in the forthcoming decades is still a matter of question.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Cell Energy Conversion
Efficient photon to charge (PTC) transfer is considered to be the cornerstone of technological improvements in the photovoltaic (PV) industry, while it constitutes the most common process in nature. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal heat have a widespread diffusion as they are able to deliver relatively higher energy output than other systems for building air-conditioning. The exploitation of low-enthalpy geothermal energy, however, presents crucial sustainability issues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for Improving Heat Transfer in PCMs Systems
Phase change materials (PCMs) are often used to mitigate and time-shift thermal load peaks. They gain heat (charge) during warmer daytime via melting and solidification due to releasing energy (discharge) during cooler nighttime. Therefore, PCMs may increase energy efficiency when integrated into a building’s envelope. They also are used for solar thermal applications such as solar collectors, solar photovoltaic systems, and solar desalination systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology
At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Exploring Digital Twins in Transport and Energy Fields
Logistics and transport are major sources of energy consumption that still rely heavily on fossil fuels. Especially in the freight sector, finding means to optimise fuel consumption and energy efficiency are increasingly important. Digital twins’ adaptation in logistics and transport is not as frequent as in production, but their implementation potential is immense. This technology can replicate real environments, allowing verification of various scenarios without real-life application, leading to optimal implementation outcome faster and more efficiently.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Electric Vehicles with Vehicle-to-Grid Capability
Electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability can serve various applications that are being investigated in literature and tested in the field. EVs can participate in existing markets via V2G technology such as energy trading (i.e., spot markets) and frequency control. Furthermore, V2G capability can be utilized to execute behind-the-meter energy flow optimization such as load leveling and peak shaving. Heiltmann and Friedl review factors influencing the economic success of vehicle-to-grid applications in market and behind-the-meter use cases. They find that load leveling and secondary frequency control provide the highest economic benefits for PHEV controlled charging applications. Furthermore, DSO services such as congestion management, power loss minimization, power quality improvement and voltage regulation are topics of investigation for EV participation utilizing V2G technology.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Thermoelectric Materials
Solid-state energy conversion has been established as one of the most promising solutions to address the issues related to conventional energy generation. Thermoelectric materials allow direct energy conversion without moving parts and being deprived of greenhouse gases emission, employing lightweight and quiet devices.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microgrids for Energy Transition
International, national, and subnational laws and policies call for rapidly decarbonizing energy systems around the globe. This effort relies heavily on renewable electricity and calls for a transition that is: (i) flexible enough to accommodate existing and new electricity end uses and users; (ii) resilient in response to climate change and other threats to electricity infrastructure; (iii) cost-effective in comparison to alternatives; and (iv) just in the face of energy systems that are often the result of—or the cause of—procedural, distributive, and historical injustices. Acknowledging the intertwined roles of technology and policy, this entry provides a cross-disciplinary review of how microgrids may contribute to renewable electricity systems that are flexible, resilient, cost-effective, and just (including illustrative examples from Korea, California, New York, the European Union, and elsewhere). 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Energy efficiency is a key factor to meet the ambitious climate targets of the European Union (EU) aligned with the international policy directives. On their own, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) do not consume big amounts of energy, but taking into consideration that they represent about 99% of businesses worldwide, their cumulative energy consumption is remarkable. Even though SMEs experience several barriers in their effort to improve their energy efficiency, their contribution to the EU’s energy efficiency improvement targets is crucial through the implementation of measures to improve their energy footprint. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Residual Life Prediction of Corroded Pipelines
Prediction of residual strength and residual life of corrosion pipelines is the key to ensuring pipeline safety. Accurate assessment and prediction make it possible to prevent unnecessary accidents and casualties, and avoid the waste of resources caused by the large-scale replacement of pipelines.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Smart Distribution Networks Resilience Quantification
The introduction of pervasive telecommunication devices, in the scope of smart grids (SGs), has accentuated interest in the distribution network, which integrates a huge portion of new grid applications. High impact low probability (HILP) events, such as natural hazards, manmade errors, and cyber-attacks, as well as the inherent fragility of the distribution grid have propelled the development of effective resilience tools and methods for the power distribution network (PDN) to avoid catastrophic infrastructural and economical losses.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Thermochemical Heat Storage Processes
Recent contributions to thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) technology have been reviewed and have revealed that there are four main branches whose mastery could significantly contribute to the field. These are the control of the processes to store or release heat, a perfect understanding and designing of the materials used for each storage process, the good sizing of the reactor, and the mastery of the whole system connected to design an efficient system. The above-mentioned fields constitute a very complex area of investigation, and most of the works focus on one of the branches to deepen their research.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Braking Energy Management and EV
The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Energy Storage in Rail Transportation
With the development of the global economy and the increase in environmental awareness, energy technology in transportation, especially the application of energy storage technology in rail transportation, has become a key area of research. Rail transportation systems are characterized by high energy consumption and poor power quality due to the more flexible regulation capability of energy storage technology in these aspects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 33
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey