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Topic Review
Diagnosis of IPA in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Fungal diseases range from relatively minor superficial and mucosal infections to severe, life-threatening systemic infections. Delayed diagnosis and treatment could result in serious consequences for patient outcomes and could be associated with high medical costs. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a frequent complication of critically ill patients with H1N1 virus infection and severe respiratory failure. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) presents a known risk to critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2.
  • 826
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Clinical Features in Humans
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans.
  • 826
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Agents from Plant
Antiviral Agents from Plant refers to antiviral drugs derived from plants and plant foods. 
  • 823
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Microbial Natural Products and COVID-19 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. 
  • 822
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in COVID-19 Pandemic
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is considered as one of the peripheral nervous system diseases usually present with lower motor neuron lesion signs: muscle atrophy, weakness, fasciculation, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia. COVID-19 is a systemic disorder that typically presents with fever and respiratory symptoms. Numerous case reports have indicated an association between the incidence of GBS and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, which preceded GBS onset by up to four weeks. Therefore, a postinfectious dysregulation of the immune system, caused by SARS-CoV2, was found to be the most probable trigger.
  • 818
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy Pharmacological Modulators and COVID-19
The family of coronaviruses (CoVs) uses the autophagy machinery of host cells to promote their growth and replication. Pharmacological or pharmacogenomics tools might be used to modulate autofaphy, and these processes stand out potential targets to combat COVID-19.
  • 817
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Strategies to Mitigate Against Pathogenic Drug Resistant Fungi
Antifungal resistance, antifungal drug tolerance, and biofilm formation directly contribute to rising cases of fungal morbidity and mortality. As with all of the infectious diseases, prevention is the optimal way to mitigate disease outbreak and transmission. The application of effective disinfection and sterilization regimes, particularly in hospital settings, is vitally important, where a focus on fungal biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices is important. Preventing the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi on foods through the performance of appropriate end-to-end processes is advisable, as mycotoxins are recalcitrant and challenging to eliminate once they have been formed. Adopting the OneHealth approach will support and enable solutions to address this complex societal challenge.
  • 816
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is growing in incidence, as patients at risk are growing in diversity. Outside the classical context of neutropenia, new risk factors are emerging or newly identified, such as new anticancer drugs, viral pneumonias and hepatic dysfunctions. Clinical signs remain unspecific in these populations and the diagnostic work-up has considerably expanded. Computed tomography is key to assess the pulmonary lesions of aspergillosis, whose various features must be acknowledged. Positron-emission tomography can bring additional information for diagnosis and follow-up in specific cases. The mycological argument for diagnosis is rarely fully conclusive, as biopsy from a sterile site is challenging in most clinical contexts. In patients with a risk and suggestive radiological findings, probable invasive aspergillosis is diagnosed through blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples by detecting galactomannan or DNA, or by direct microscopy and culture for the latter. Diagnosis is considered as a possible invasive mold disease in lack of mycological criterion. 
  • 815
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Synthetic mRNAs
The structure of synthetic mRNAs as used in vaccination against cancer and infectious diseases contain specifically designed caps followed by sequences of the 5′ untranslated repeats of β-globin gene. The strategy for successful design of synthetic mRNAs by chemically modifying their caps aims to increase resistance to the enzymatic deccapping complex, offer a higher affinity for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E) protein and enforce increased translation of their encoded proteins. However, the cellular homeostasis is finely balanced and obeys to specific laws of thermodynamics conferring balance between complexity and growth rate in evolution. An overwhelming and forced translation even under alarming conditions of the cell during a concurrent viral infection, or when molecular pathways are trying to circumvent precursor events that lead to autoimmunity and cancer, may cause the recipient cells to ignore their differential sensitivities which are essential for keeping normal conditions. The elF4E which is a powerful RNA regulon and a potent oncogene governing cell cycle progression and proliferation at a post-transcriptional level, may then be a great contributor to disease development. This Fact Sheet underscores the basic elements from within the official text of publication to highlight the hallmarks of disease progression due to synthetic mRNAs stability structures (analogue caps, 5’ untranlslated repeats of β-globin gene and poly A tails) fundamentally used in design of all synthetic mRNAs to promote the efficiency of translation of their encoded sequences by the human cell and therefore the organism. Specific bullet points in bold mean for urgency of further toxicity evaluation studies that need to be overtaken in order to ensure for safety of mRNAs in vaccines at current stages of development.
  • 813
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Psoriasis and Risk of Infectious Disease
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin and joint disease, with a plethora of comorbidities, characterized by a certain genetic predisposition, and a complex pathogenesis based on the IL-23/IL-17 pathway.
  • 813
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Involvement in Long COVID
COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. Long COVID is a complicated and multidimensional illness that affects a large proportion of those recovering from an acute COVID-19 infection. It has been linked to a variety of symptoms and problems, including chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, respiratory troubles, cardiovascular irregularities, and psychological discomfort.
  • 813
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019, many countries have successively developed a variety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, with the continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2, it has evolved several variants; as a result, prevention and control of the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has become more important. Among these variants, the Omicron variant has higher transmissibility and immune escape ability and is the main variant causing a large number of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, thus, presenting new challenges to pandemic prevention and control.
  • 812
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
CD8+ T Cells in Response to mRNA Vaccination
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has led to millions of deaths globally. The rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has effectively reduced the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, with messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines being widely administrated. While neutralizing antibodies are crucial, CD8+ T cells induced by the vaccine may also play a significant role in early and long-term protection. 
  • 812
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Fungal Keratitis
Fungal keratitis (FK) is one of the most devastating corneal infectious diseases caused by opportunistic infection of fungi. FK has an abysmal visual prognosis, potentially leading to blindness, and thus requires accurate diagnosis. 
  • 809
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchiasis due to Opisthorchis viverrini infection continues to be a significant public healthcare concern in various subregions of Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. The mainstay of treatment of opisthorchiasis is praziquantel, while treatment of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma depends on its anatomic subtype and resectability.
  • 809
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is an opportunistic secondary infection, primarily affecting patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure (ARF). Patients affected by COVID-19 ARF and CAPA exhibited increased mortality compared to patients with COVID-19 ARF but without CAPA.
  • 808
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology for the Management of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that causes diseases such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains has severely limited the available treatments for K. pneumoniae infections. On the other hand, K. pneumoniae activity (and related infections) urgently requires improved management strategies. A growing number of medical applications are using nanotechnology, which uses materials with atomic or molecular dimensions, to diagnose, eliminate, or reduce the activity of different infections.
  • 808
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gas6/TAM Axis Involvement in COVID-19 Patients
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is a widely expressed vitamin K-dependent protein that is involved in many biological processes such as homeostatic regulation, inflammation and repair/fibrotic processes. It is known that it is the main ligand of TAMs, a tyrosine kinase receptor family of three members, namely MerTK, Tyro-3 and Axl, for which it displays the highest affinity. Gas6/TAM axis activation is known to be involved in modulating inflammatory responses as well as fibrotic evolution in many different pathological conditions. The Axl is a SARS-CoV-2 infection driver, the use of existing Axl inhibitors is beneficial for COVID-19 management. 
  • 808
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tocilizumab in COVID-19
Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that, via the binding to soluble and membrane interleukin (IL)-6 receptors, produces inhibition of the proinflammatory signals. It is commonly used in several types of inflammatory arthritis, in Castleman’s syndrome, and in cytokine release syndrome secondary to chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. Given its ability to intercept proinflammatory cascades, TCZ is potentially useful in all clinical conditions produced by the dysregulation of inflammatory processes, especially when refractory to other approved treatments.
  • 806
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
HBV Infection in HIV-1 Infected Individuals
Disease progression and liver-related complications are more common in HIV-1/HBV co-infected than HBV mono-infected individuals. Response to HBV vaccine is suboptimal in HIV-1-infected individuals. Several factors affect HBV vaccine response during HIV-1 infection including CD4+ T cell counts, B cell response, vaccine formulation, schedules, and timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, regular follow-up for antibody titer and a booster dose is warranted to prevent HBV transmission in HIV-1 infected people.
  • 804
  • 31 Dec 2021
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