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Topic Review
COVID-19 and Musculoskeletal Dysfunction
Although coronaviral infections are mainly linked to respiratory symptoms, skeletal-related risks and complications are also identified.
  • 455
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus. In the found 124 publications with reports related to sporotrichosis in the Americas, 12,636 patients got infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. It was observed that 87.45% (11,050) were reported in South America, 11.55% (1460) in North America, and 1.00% (126) in Central America and the Caribbean.
  • 454
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Coronavirus Knowledge Graph
This entry builds a coronavirus knowledge graph (KG) by merging two information sources. The first source is Analytical Graph (AG), which integrates more than 20 different public datasets related to drug discovery. The second source is CORD-19, a collection of published scientific articles related to COVID-19. We combined both chemo genomic entities in AG with entities extracted from CORD-19 to expand knowledge in the COVID-19 domain. Before populating KG with those entities, we perform entity disambiguation on CORD-19 collections using Wikidata. Our newly built KG contains at least 21,700 genes, 2500 diseases, 94,000 phenotypes, and other biological entities (e.g., compound, species, and cell lines). We define 27 relationship types and use them to label each edge in our KG. This research presents two cases to evaluate the KG’s usability: analyzing a subgraph (ego-centered network) from the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and revealing paths between biological entities (hydroxychloroquine and IL-6 receptor; chloroquine and STAT1). The ego-centered network captured information related to COVID-19. We also found significant COVID-19-related information in top-ranked paths with a depth of three based on our path evaluation. 
  • 453
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Interactions with the Host Cell Nucleus
SARS-CoV-2 components disturb the transport of certain proteins through the nuclear pores. Some SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins such as Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N), most non-structural proteins (remarkably, Nsp1 and Nsp3), as well as some accessory proteins (ORF3d, ORF6, ORF9a) can reach the nucleoplasm either due to their nuclear localization signals (NLS) or taking a shuttle with other proteins. A percentage of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can also reach the nucleoplasm. Remarkably, controversy has recently been raised by proving that-at least under certain conditions-, SARS-CoV-2 sequences can be retrotranscribed and inserted as DNA in the host genome, giving rise to chimeric genes. In turn, the expression of viral-host chimeric proteins could potentially create neo-antigens, activate autoimmunity and promote a chronic pro-inflammatory state.
  • 453
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pandrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has come into sight as a serious global threat. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and their main representatives Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are ranked in the highest priority category for new treatments.
  • 452
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hemoadsorption and Antibiotics/Antifungals
The extracorporeal elimination of a pathogen or damage-associated molecular pattern via blood purification techniques is increasingly being used in patients with septic shock and other clinical conditions characterized by a life-threatening inflammatory response. The removal of these substances can be accomoplished by means of ultrafiltration or hemoadsorption. Independently from the blood putification technique used, they could also affect the clearance of antibacterial and antifungal agents with a potentially significant clinical impact.
  • 449
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
HIV–Host Cell Interactions
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus.
  • 449
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Severe Thrombocytopenia as a Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection
Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection can range from an asymptomatic clinical form to acute respiratory distress depending on the virus gateway, viral load, host immunity, and existing comorbidities. Some patients with COVID-19 infection can present hematological changes depending on the patient’s immune response and the severity of the infection. Patients affected by the pandemic can develop platelet count changes such as thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be detected in almost half of the patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and in almost 95% of those critically ill.
  • 448
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mycoplasma bovis Infections
Mycoplasma bovis is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. M. bovis infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide. M. bovis has spread worldwide, including to countries for a long time considered free of the pathogen.
  • 448
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Treating Chronic Pain of COVID-19
Careful triage of patients is mandatory in order to avoid overcrowding of hospital spaces. Telemedicine could represent a promising tool to replace in-person visits and as a screening tool prior to admitting patients to hospitals. Opioid medications can affect the immune response, and therefore, care should be taken prior to initiating new treatments and increasing dosages. Epidural steroids should be avoided or limited to the lowest effective dose. Non urgent interventional procedures such as spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal pumps should be postponed. The use of personal protective equipment and disinfectants represent an important component of the strategy to prevent viral spread to operators and cross-infection between patients due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. 
  • 446
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Serotypes in Adult Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Lower respiratory tract infections are an important cause of severe disease worldwide. We studied changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in adult pneumococcal pneumonia in Spain (2011-2019). Differences were found in serotype composition and antimicrobial resistance by age and type of infection. The maintenance of serotype 3 as a leading cause of adult pneumococcal pneumonia and the increase of highly invasive (serotype 8) or antimicrobial resistant (serotype 11A) serotypes is worrisome. Further studies will be re-quired to analyse the impact of the upcoming broader conjugate vaccines.
  • 446
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and New-Onset Psychosis
Psychosis is a multifactorial condition that typically involves delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thought, speech or behavior. The observation of an association between infectious epidemics and acute psychosis dates back to the last century. Though infrequently, cases of new-onset psychosis have been observed in patients with COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic, leading to concerns that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with an increased risk for the development of psychosis. 
  • 446
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Inflammation and Blood Coagulation Biomarkers
In general, an individual who experiences the symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 infection is declared as recovered after 2 weeks. However, approximately 10–20% of these survivors have been reported to encounter long-term health problems, defined as ‘long COVID-19’, e.g., blood coagulation which leads to stroke with an estimated incidence of 3%, and pulmonary embolism with 5% incidence. At the time of infection, the immune response produces pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate stromal cells to produce pro-hepatocyte growth factor (pro-HGF) and eventually is activated into hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which helps the coagulation process in endothelial and epithelial cells. HGF is a marker that appears as an inflammatory response that leads to coagulation.
  • 444
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Agents from Plant
Antiviral Agents from Plant refers to antiviral drugs derived from plants and plant foods. 
  • 444
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Built Environment Characteristics and SARS-CoV-2
According to the socioecological framework, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is affected by multilevel factors, such as individual (e.g., sex, age, and attitudes), behavioural (e.g., mobility and social interaction), social environment (e.g., family and friends), built environment, natural environment (air pollution, humid, and temperature), community (e.g., norms of wearing masks), and public policy (e.g., social distancing measures) factors. These multilevel factors may interact with each other and make the impact of the built environment on infection risk more complex. Therefore, it is necessary to control such covariates or to investigate the interactions between the built environment and the social environment in future studies.
  • 442
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Use of COVID-19 Boosters among Health Care Providers
While the World Health Organization (WHO) has de-escalated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a global health emergency, ongoing discussions persist as new viral variants. 
  • 442
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Detection of persistent virus-DNA in Formalin Fixed samples
The DNA damage and cross-linking induced by formalin fixation can hinder nucleic acid screening. This is of particular concern in the detection of low-abundance targets, such as persistent DNA viruses, present only as a part per million of the total DNA in a sample. We evaluated the analytical sensitivity of the detection of persistent viruses in tissue specimens fixed in formalin for up to 10 days. To this end, we used short amplicon qPCRs and targeted enrichment plus Next-generation sequencing.
  • 441
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Compounds Targeting Entamoeba histolytica and Its Biological Membrane
Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. 
  • 441
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is growing in incidence, as patients at risk are growing in diversity. Outside the classical context of neutropenia, new risk factors are emerging or newly identified, such as new anticancer drugs, viral pneumonias and hepatic dysfunctions. Clinical signs remain unspecific in these populations and the diagnostic work-up has considerably expanded. Computed tomography is key to assess the pulmonary lesions of aspergillosis, whose various features must be acknowledged. Positron-emission tomography can bring additional information for diagnosis and follow-up in specific cases. The mycological argument for diagnosis is rarely fully conclusive, as biopsy from a sterile site is challenging in most clinical contexts. In patients with a risk and suggestive radiological findings, probable invasive aspergillosis is diagnosed through blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples by detecting galactomannan or DNA, or by direct microscopy and culture for the latter. Diagnosis is considered as a possible invasive mold disease in lack of mycological criterion. 
  • 441
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products
The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics.
  • 441
  • 13 Jun 2023
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