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Topic Review
Microbial Natural Products and COVID-19 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. 
  • 787
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Markers Prediction in COVID-19 Mortality
COVID-19 is an inflammatory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and can manifest as various symptoms ranging from mild symptoms or asymptomatic cases to severe pneumonia that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.  Assessing the utility of various inflammatory markers in predicting mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
  • 786
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nanostructures and Combating Oral Bacterial Diseases
The oral cavity is an ideal environment for microbial cell growth, survival, and stability, followed by oral biofilm formation on the tooth surface. Biofilms contain a set of bacteria that are produced in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Bacterial growth results in the conversion of bacterial biofilm from commensal plaque to a pathogenic form. Bacteria present in the biofilm are significantly less sensitive to antimicrobial agents than planktonic bacteri. 
  • 784
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is an opportunistic secondary infection, primarily affecting patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure (ARF). Patients affected by COVID-19 ARF and CAPA exhibited increased mortality compared to patients with COVID-19 ARF but without CAPA.
  • 784
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia
The public health systems of Southeast Asian countries are financially challenged by a comparatively higher incidence of human S. suis infections than other geographical areas. Efforts to improve practices in production settings, including improved meat inspection regulations, prevention of the slaughtering of non-healthy pigs, and enhanced hygiene practices at processing facilities, along with improvements in the pork supply chain, all appear promising for reducing food cross-contamination with S. suis. 
  • 784
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral Agents from Plant
Antiviral Agents from Plant refers to antiviral drugs derived from plants and plant foods. 
  • 782
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Brucella Spondylitis
The most prevalent zoonotic disease is brucellosis, which poses a significant threat for worldwide public health. Particularly in endemic areas, spinal involvement is a major source of morbidity and mortality and can complicate the course of the disease. 
  • 779
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosis of IPA in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Fungal diseases range from relatively minor superficial and mucosal infections to severe, life-threatening systemic infections. Delayed diagnosis and treatment could result in serious consequences for patient outcomes and could be associated with high medical costs. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a frequent complication of critically ill patients with H1N1 virus infection and severe respiratory failure. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) presents a known risk to critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2.
  • 777
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Mycobacteriophages as Diagnostics
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most impactful diseases of the modern era. Current diagnostics are struggling to meet the multifaceted challenges TB presents. Mycobacteriophages (specific phages active against mycobacterial species) are now being utilised to create promising new diagnostic technologies. Here we explore and review contemporary phage diagnostics targeting mycobacteria, while commenting on key areas warranting further investigation and development. 
  • 775
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Rapid, Cheap, and Effective COVID-19 Diagnostics for Africa
In Africa and other low- and middle-income countries there is high rate of COVID-19 under-diagnosis, due to the high cost of molecular assays. Exploring alternate assays to the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for COVID-19 diagnosis is highly warranted.
  • 774
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery to Control Bacterial-Biofilm-Associated Lung Infections
Airway mucus dysfunction and impaired immunological defenses are hallmarks of several lung diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and are mostly causative factors in bacterial-biofilm-associated respiratory tract infections. To combat bacterial biofilm in the respiratory tract, researchers have developed various strategies, including a pipeline of new antibiotics, biofilm biomatrix disruption, quorum sensing inhibition, biofilm dispersion promotion, or combinations of these. Among the strategies, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have received increasing attention for delivering antibiotics to biofilm sites or enhancing anti-biofilm activity through the nanoparticles themselves. 
  • 774
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tocilizumab in COVID-19
Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that, via the binding to soluble and membrane interleukin (IL)-6 receptors, produces inhibition of the proinflammatory signals. It is commonly used in several types of inflammatory arthritis, in Castleman’s syndrome, and in cytokine release syndrome secondary to chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. Given its ability to intercept proinflammatory cascades, TCZ is potentially useful in all clinical conditions produced by the dysregulation of inflammatory processes, especially when refractory to other approved treatments.
  • 773
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The accurate and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment strategies and preventing the spread of resistant strains.
  • 772
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Involvement in Long COVID
COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. Long COVID is a complicated and multidimensional illness that affects a large proportion of those recovering from an acute COVID-19 infection. It has been linked to a variety of symptoms and problems, including chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, respiratory troubles, cardiovascular irregularities, and psychological discomfort.
  • 772
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in Poultry in Malaysia
Enterococcus has emerged as a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen as a result of its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobials, particularly vancomycin. Vancomycin is the final treatment option, particularly for Enterococcus. There is abundant proof that drug-resistant bacteria exist in poultry and can be transmitted to humans. Regular monitoring of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in poultry would aid policymakers in developing effective control measures and design antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance capacity building in Malaysia. Further, livestock farmers should be educated on antibiotics resistance and trained on responsible utilization of antibiotics.
  • 770
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Primary Care of the Person Living with HIV
HIV has transformed from an illness that resulted in one complication after another and nearly always resulted in death to a chronic illness that for most patients is more easily managed than diabetes or heart disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now simple and well-tolerated. The most important priority of HIV treatment is ensuring that people living with HIV stay on continuous, effective ART. ART, although not curative, suppresses the virus and allows the immune system to recover. Even when the CD4 count remains low, suppressive ART helps prevent opportunistic infections and other HIV related complications. Suppressive ART is important not only to the health of the individual living with HIV but is an important public health goal since people living with HIV will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners if their viral load is undetectable. A respectful, culturally appropriate patient–provider relationship is one of the most important factors in keeping people living with HIV engaged in care. Persons living with HIV deserve both excellent HIV and primary care. Some communities have providers that are experts in both, but often people living with HIV receive the best care by collaboration between their primary care provider and an HIV expert.
  • 770
  • 16 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Tuberculosis Disease
Tuberculosis disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is estimated that 10 million people have developed tuberculosis disease globally, leading to 1.4 million deaths in 2019. Treatment of tuberculosis has been especially challenging due to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR-TB) tuberculosis. In addition to drug-resistant genotypes, the standard treatment of tuberculosis by first-line agents is also challenging due to toxicity and costs.
  • 768
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019, many countries have successively developed a variety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, with the continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2, it has evolved several variants; as a result, prevention and control of the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has become more important. Among these variants, the Omicron variant has higher transmissibility and immune escape ability and is the main variant causing a large number of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, thus, presenting new challenges to pandemic prevention and control.
  • 767
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of the Gut–Lung Axis in RTIs
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-threatening pneumonia. A plethora of studies have described the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) composition and function and the development of various human diseases, focusing especially on the role of GM in regulating the immune system. Although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is mounting evidence that GM can modulate the immune function in distant mucosal sites such as the respiratory system, and therefore play a role in the development of RTIs.
  • 766
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Willingness
As pregnant women are at high risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines are available in Switzerland, this study aimed to assess the willingness of Swiss pregnant and breastfeeding women to become vaccinated. Through a cross-sectional online study conducted after the first pandemic wave, vaccination practices and willingness to become vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 if a vaccine was available were evaluated through binary, multi-choice, and open-ended questions.
  • 764
  • 04 Aug 2021
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