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Topic Review
Applications of Photonic Time-Stretch Imaging
Inspiring development in optical imaging enables great applications in the science and engineering industry, especially in the medical imaging area. Photonic time-stretch imaging is one emerging innovation that attracted a wide range of attention due to its principle of one-to-one-to-one mapping among space-wavelength-time using dispersive medium both in spatial and time domains. 
  • 470
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Endogenous EEG-Based BCIs for Dynamic Device Control
Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a novel approach for controlling external devices. BCI technologies can be important enabling technologies for people with severe mobility impairment. Endogenous paradigms, which depend on user-generated commands and do not need external stimuli, can provide intuitive control of external devices. 
  • 468
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Magnetofluidic System for Rare Cell Analysis
Rare cells play essential roles in the initiation and progression of diseases and therefore their analysis is of great interest. The micro-magnetofluidic system is one of the emerging platforms that have been proposed for the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective analysis of rare cells. 
  • 466
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Locomotion Mode Recognition and Prediction for Active Orthoses
Understanding how to seamlessly adapt the assistance of lower-limb wearable assistive devices (active orthosis (AOs) and exoskeletons) to human locomotion modes (LMs) is challenging. Humans can usually adjust their locomotion mode (LM) according to a variety of conditions and terrains that they typically face. Challenges in personalized robotics-based assistance are related to recognizing and predicting different LMs with a non-intrusive sensor setup to timely trigger the assistance delivered by the wearable assistive devices. 
  • 463
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Nanotechnology Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Challenges
Micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors have made remarkable advancements in the fields of biomedicine and the environment, enabling the sensitive and selective detection and quantification of diverse analytes. In biomedicine, these sensors have facilitated disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and point-of-care devices. In environmental monitoring, they have played a crucial role in assessing air, water, and soil quality, as well as ensured food safety.
  • 463
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Definition and Uses of Biocompatibility in Different Fields
Using the term “biomaterial” is more logical when referring to healthcare-related materials. This includes materials used to fabricate various medical tools and devices, such as those used in implants and surgery procedures. Therefore, for a material to be referred to as a “biomaterial”, it must follow the definition assigned by the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference of November 1982, which states that “any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body”.
  • 462
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Traumatic Brain Injury Detection
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can produce temporary biochemical imbalance due to leaks through cell membranes or disruption of the axoplasmic flow due to the misalignment of intracellular neurofilaments. If untreated, TBI can lead to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or total disability. Mild TBI (mTBI) accounts for about about 90 percent of all TBI cases. The detection of TBI as soon as it happens is crucial for successful treatment management. Neuroimaging-based tests provide only a structural and functional mapping of the brain with poor temporal resolution. Such tests may not detect mTBI. On the other hand, the electroencephalogram (EEG) provides good spatial resolution and excellent temporal resolution of the brain activities beside its portability and low cost.
  • 461
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Laser-Activated Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets
Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are emerging phase-change contrast agents that showed promising potential in ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging. Unlike monophase gaseous microbubbles, PFCnDs shift their state from liquid to gas via optical activation and can provide high US/PA contrast on demand. Depending on the choice of perfluorocarbon core, the vaporization and condensation dynamics of the PFCnDs are controllable.
  • 460
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Repair by Grafting Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in the past few decades because of their unique magnetic responsiveness. Especially in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, they are mostly involved in non-invasive ways and have achieved good results. The magnetic responsiveness of MNPs is strictly controlled by the size, crystallinity, uniformity, and surface properties of the synthesized particles. 
  • 460
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Organ-on-Chip
Organ-on-chip (OOC) devices are in vitro miniaturized multicellular systems with defined architectures that represent the new frontier in biomedical research to produce micro-organoids and tissues for drug testing and regenerative medicine. Although OOC devices can potentially improve the prediction capability of preclinical studies in comparison to in vitro tests and animal models, the successful transition from conventional 2D cell culture to human OOC implies the development of microfluidically supported 3D architectures to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM), to induce cell-ECM and multicellular interactions, as well as to modulate many cell functions including polarity, morphology, and motility. In this regard, cell-laden microgels (CLMs) represent a promising tool for 3D cell culturing and on-chip generation of micro-organs. 
  • 459
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Connectivity Analysis in EEG Data
Despite high-spatial-resolution imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) being widely used to map this complex network of multiple interactions, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings claim high temporal resolution and are thus perfectly suitable to describe either spatially distributed and temporally dynamic patterns of neural activation and connectivity.
  • 458
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 458
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alveolus Lung-on-a-Chip Platform
Lung-on-a-chip platforms have emerged as a potential candidate to replace animal experiments because they can successfully simulate human physiology.
  • 456
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Layer on Titanium Alloys
Over the last decade, researchers have been concerned with improving metallic biomaterials with proper and suitable properties for the human body. Ti-based alloys are widely used in the medical field for their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The TiMoZrTa system (TMZT) evidenced adequate mechanical properties, was closer to the human bone, and had a good biocompatibility. In order to highlight the osseointegration of the implants, a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) was deposited using a biomimetic method, which simulates the natural growth of the bone. The coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro indentation tests and contact angle. The data obtained show that the layer deposited on TiMoZrTa (TMZT) support is hydroxyapatite.
  • 453
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Robotic Biofeedback for Post-Stroke Gait Rehabilitation
Gait disabilities, mainly caused by strokes, compromise daily independence, quality of life, professional and social inclusion, and increase the risk of falling in adults. Stroke survivors may regain their quality of life through neuroplasticity phenom, elicited by biofeedback systems (BSs).
  • 453
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are receiving much attention in the field of tissue regeneration. They can be differentiated into any cell type in the human body and subsequently developed into heterogeneous tissues or organs in vitro for implantation. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are types of neurodegenrative conditions resulting in which the build up of harmful protein aggregates leads to neural cell death. IPSC technology offers promise for in vitro modeling pathophysiology and the treatment of these diseases.
  • 452
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Cardiac tissue engineering is a direction in regenerative medicine that aims to repair various heart defects with the long-term goal of artificially rebuilding a full-scale organ that matches its native structure and function. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers promising applications through its layer-by-layer biomaterial deposition using different techniques and bio-inks. Recent advancements in this field have improved 3D bioprinting accuracy and resolution and its latest applications span cardiac tissues, patches, organoids, and the full organ. 
  • 448
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
An Improved Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Approach
Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) is the process of merging different modalities of medical images into a single output image (fused image) with a significant quantity of information to improve clinical applicability. It enables a better diagnosis and makes the diagnostic process easier. In medical image fusion (MIF), an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) plays a role in enhancing the quality of the image, which is useful for medical diagnosis. The research introduces an innovative approach to multimodal medical image fusion using intuitionistic fuzzy set theory. This approach shows promising results in improving the quality and accuracy of fused medical images, making it a valuable contribution to the field of medical image processing and diagnosis.
  • 445
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Neurofeedback Technologies
Neurofeedback, utilizing an electroencephalogram (EEG) and/or a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device, is a real-time measurement of brain activity directed toward controlling and optimizing brain function. This treatment has often been attributed to improvements in disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, and epilepsy, among others.
  • 444
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bimanual Movements and Chronic Stroke Rehabilitation
Bimanual movement coordination has a long history and sound theoretical basis as an effective treatment to relearn dysfunctional motor actions caused by a stroke. Typical dysfunctional motor actions on the affected side of the body include weakness or partial paralysis. Planning and executing bimanual movements with an emphasis on simultaneously activating both limbs as a coordinative structure frequently facilitates progress toward motor recovery.
  • 444
  • 01 Dec 2021
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