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Topic Review
Traditional Japanese Distilled Liquor, shochu
The traditional Japanese single distilled liquor, which uses koji and yeast with designated ingredients, is called “honkaku shochu.” It is made using local agricultural products and has several types, including barley shochu, sweet potato shochu, rice shochu, and buckwheat shochu. In the case of honkaku shochu, black koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis) or white koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii) is used to (1) saccharify the starch contained in the ingredients, (2) produce citric acid to prevent microbial spoilage, and (3) give the liquor its unique flavor.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone)
The adipose tissue, regardless of its role in generating and storing energy, acts as a key player as an endocrine tissue, producing a wide scale of cytokines/hormones called adipokines. Adipokines such as leptin, resistin, visfatin and osteopontin own pro-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system in some cases. In contrast, some adipokines have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory impacts including adiponectin, omentin, and apelin.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pyrvinium Pamoate Mechanisms of Action as an Anti-Cancer Agent
Pyrvinium, a lipophilic cation belonging to the cyanine dye family, has been used in the clinic as a safe and effective anthelminthic for over 70 years. Its structure, similar to some polyaminopyrimidines and mitochondrial-targeting peptoids, has been linked with mitochondrial localization and targeting. Unsurprisingly for a small-molecule compound, pyrvinium pamoate (PP) has been shown to act through multiple mechanisms. The majority of the published articles assessing PP specifically as an anticancer therapeutic have focused on two main MOA, which appear to be at the root of PP action: inhibition of the WNT pathway and inhibition of mitochondrial function.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wound Healing
Wound healing is a multistage dynamic process including haemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation and tissue remodelling.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MSC-Based Therapy in Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and its prevalence and severity is increasing owing to ageing of the population. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and remodeling of the underlying bone. Extracellular vesicles are naturally released by cells and they carry their origin cell information to be delivered to target cells. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly proliferative and have a great potential in cartilage regeneration. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Functional Roles of ISG15/ISGylation in Cancer
The protein ISG15 encoded by interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is the first identified member of the ubiquitin-like protein family and exists in the form of monomers and conjugated complexes. Like ubiquitin, ISG15 can mediate an ubiquitin-like modification by covalently modifying other proteins, known as ISGylation. There is growing evidence showing that both the free and conjugated ISG15 are involved in multiple key cellular processes, including autophagy, exosome secretion, DNA repair, immune regulation, and cancer occurrence and progression.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Curaxins and G-Quadruplex DNA Oligomers
Curaxins and especially the second-generation derivative curaxin CBL0137 have important antitumor activities in multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, melanoma and others. Although most of the authors suggest that their mechanism of action comes from the activation of p53 and inactivation of NF-kB by targeting FACT, there is evidence supporting the involvement of DNA binding in their antitumor activity. In this work, the DNA binding properties of curaxin CBL0137 with model quadruplex DNA oligomers were studied by 1H NMR, CD, fluorescence and molecular modeling. We provided molecular details of the interaction of curaxin with two G-quadruplex structures, the single repeat of human telomere d(TTAGGGT)4 and the c-myc promoter Pu22 sequence.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
5-Methylcytosine
The human genome has additional regulation layers for the regulation of transcription. The DNA methylation is a key epigenetic process that sharp in functional regions in the genome. The 5-methylcytosine patterns in promoter regions are related to gene expression regulation.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of PP2C Genes
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers cellular tolerance responses to osmotic stress caused by drought and salinity. ABA controls the turgor pressure of guard cells in the plant epidermis, leading to stomatal closure to minimize water loss. However, stomatal apertures open to uptake CO2 for photosynthesis even under stress conditions. ABA modulates its signaling pathway via negative feedback regulation to maintain plant homeostasis. In the nuclei of guard cells, the clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) counteract SnRK2 kinases by physical interaction, and thereby inhibit activation of the transcription factors that mediate ABA-responsive gene expression. Under osmotic stress conditions, PP2Cs bind to soluble ABA receptors to capture ABA and release active SnRK2s. Thus, PP2Cs function as a switch at the center of the ABA signaling network. ABA induces the expression of genes encoding repressors or activators of PP2C gene transcription. These regulators mediate the conversion of PP2C chromatins from a repressive to an active state for gene transcription. The stress-induced chromatin remodeling states of ABA-responsive genes could be memorized and transmitted to plant progeny; i.e., transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Temozolomide Use in IDH-Mutant Gliomas
In this entry, we discuss the use of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. We describe the challenges associated with TMZ in clinical (drug resistance and tumor recurrence) and preclinical settings (variabilities associated with in vitro models) in treating IDH-mutant glioma.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fibronectin in Osteoarthritis
Fibronectin is a component of the extracellular matrix essential to its assembly, which also regulates some cellular functions. However, cleavage of fibronectin in pathological conditions releases fibronectin fragments with pro-inflammatory and degradative properties. During the development of osteoarthritis, tissue proteolysis and injury induce extracellular matrix degradation, generating fibronectin fragments that promote inflammation and degradation by the induction of cytokine and proteinase expressions.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Membrane Remodeling by ESCRTs
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an evolutionarily conserved membrane remodeling complex that is used by the cell to perform reverse membrane scission in essential processes like protein degradation, cell division, and release of enveloped retroviruses. ESCRT-III, together with the AAA ATPase VPS4, harbors the main remodeling and scission function of the ESCRT machinery, whereas early-acting ESCRTs mainly contribute to protein sorting and ESCRT-III recruitment through association with upstream targeting factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Biography
Clemente Estable
Clemente Estable (23 May 1894, Canelones – 27 October 1976, Montevideo) was a University Professor and Docent. He was a pioneer in the areas of cellular biology and neurobiology research. Estable was an educator, scientist and philosopher who left his mark on the intellectual collective thinking of his native land. He lived his life guided by strong democratic values and ethical principles and
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Importance of Organoids for One Health
One Health describes the importance of considering humans, animals, and the environment in health research. One Health and the 3R concept, i.e., the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experimentation, shape today’s research more and more. The development of organoids from many different organs and animals led to the development of highly sophisticated model systems trying to replace animal experiments. Organoids may be used for disease modelling in various ways elucidating the manifold host–pathogen interactions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Collagen Type XI Alpha 1
Collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1) is one of the alpha chains of type XI collagen, which is important for bone development. Interestingly, COL11A1 levels are frequently upregulated in various cancers and high levels of COL11A1 are correlated with poor clinical outcome in many solid cancers. Increasing evidence shows that COL11A1 promotes tumor cell aggressiveness through multiple mechanisms.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Repair Deficiency
Homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) can be observed in virtually all cancer types. Cells possess a complex set of non-redundant and partially overlapping pathways to detect and repair DNA damage. In cancer, DNA damage repair (DDR) is frequently disrupted, leading to genomic instability. One of the pathways that is regularly altered in cancer is HR. HR is an important pathway for the repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) during the S and G2 phase of the cell cycle, i.e., after DNA replication has occurred. HR is considered a relatively error-free process because it uses an intact sister chromatid to guide DNA repair. HR deficiency (HRD) leads to enhanced reliance on alternative pathways involved in DSB repair, i.e., classical NHEJ, alternative end joining, and single-strand annealing. These pathways repair DSBs without a homologous DNA template, resulting in characteristic genomic scars across the genome.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Mast Cell Functions
Mast cells (MCs) are well-known as key effector cells of type I allergic reactions, commonly named anaphylactic responses.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Small Ras GTPases in Fungi
Monomeric GTPases, which belong to the Ras superfamily, are small proteins involved in many biological processes. The most studied families are Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran, Arf, and Miro, and recently, a new family named Big Ras GTPases was reported. As a general rule, the proteins of all families have five characteristic motifs (G1–G5), and some specific features for each family have been described. The main functions described for monomeric GTPases in fungi include morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, vesicle trafficking, and virulence.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Restoring Proliferation Competence in Terminally Differentiated Myotubes
Terminally differentiated cells are classically defined as specialized cells that have irreversibly lost their ability to proliferate (postmitotic state). Skeletal muscle myotubes are a model system to study terminal differentiation, more amenable than other terminally differentiated histotypes to experimental investigation. Arguably, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the postmitotic state should be shared by most TD cell types.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
RNA Modifications in Translation Fidelity
RNA modifications play an essential role in determining RNA fate. Recent studies have revealed the effects of such modifications on all steps of RNA metabolism. These modifications range from the addition of simple groups, such as methyl groups, to the addition of highly complex structures, such as sugars. Their consequences for translation fidelity are not always well documented. Unlike the well-known m6A modification, they are thought to have direct effects on either the folding of the molecule or the ability of tRNAs to bind their codons.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Nov 2021
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