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Topic Review
Dementia Care in Italy, Hungary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), dementia is one of the more serious challenges of the future . Most countries have a variety of policies, institutions and financial aids implemented to ease the burden on families carrying out the bulk of care work for their relatives with dementia. However, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, some of these support systems have become much more difficult (or even impossible) to access or utilize, an effect mediated by the mandatory stringency measures adopted by governments during the first wave of the pandemic to mitigate its impact on the population. Both Italy and Hungary belong to clusters of countries showing challenges concerning the degree of resilience. However, Italy is part of a cluster having weak resilience in informal care and moderate resilience in formal care provision, while Hungary belongs to a cluster with weak resilience in both formal and informal care (i.e., with a higher share of older adults reporting difficulties in receiving formal care—i.e., home care—and a quite low share receiving informal care from people outside their home, being the supply of both types of care provision dramatically decreased compared to the pre-pandemic period).
  • 844
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Challenges Encountered in NAFLD Animal Models
As a term, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was proposed to describe the histopathological fatty changes in hepatocytes in which alcohol consumption is not involved as the etiological inducer. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces several forms of liver disorders involving fat disposition in hepatocytes ranging from simple steatosis to the severe stage, namely, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no reproducible experimental animal model displays the full spectrum of pathophysiological, histological, molecular, and clinical features associated with human NAFLD/NASH progression.
  • 844
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of the Human Eccrine Sweat Proteome
Proteomic profiling of sweat to be a promising bio-fluid analysis for individualized, non-invasive monitoring and personalized medicine.
  • 844
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in humans are represented by three main families: defensins, cathelicidins, histatins. Defensins, depending on the type of disulfide bond arrangement, are divided into alpha- and beta-defensins. Alpha- and beta-defensins are constitutively produced by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes.
  • 842
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome Management
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease.
  • 840
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
High Triglycerides and Cognitive Impairment
The rise of life expectancy contributes to the burden of the aging-dependent decline of physical and mental functions. One of the most common and challenging neuropsychological condition is cognitive impairment (CI), defined as the decrease of intellectual functions ranging from mild forms of forgetfulness to severe and debilitating dementia. The burden of cognitive disorders is huge and still growing, however the etiology and the degree of cognitive impairment vary considerably. Neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms were most frequently assessed in patients with dementia. The possible involvement of triglycerides levels in cognitive function through putative mechanisms such as brain blood barrier dysfunction or amyloid metabolism imbalance, but not all research in the field found this association.
  • 838
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Arterial Hypertension and DNA Sequencing
Despite constant progress in understanding its pathology and associated therapeutic actions by targeting lifestyle changes and novel drug treatment strategies, arterial hypertension currently represents one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Europe, with severe potential complications. Significant distinct individual variations of responses to antihypertensive therapy suggest that genetic analysis may provide new important data regarding an accurate definition of prognosis and, most significantly, an adequate choice of treatment, therefore preventing potential complications. Data regarding the multifactorial genetic inheritance of essential arterial hypertension have long been considered; however, given the current rise of genetics and genomics, DNA sequencing could represent a step toward specific genetic variation-based therapy in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure, despite standard antihypertensive treatment.
  • 838
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SLS 3D printing for SOFs
3D printing is a new emerging technology in the pharmaceutical manufacturing landscape. Its potential advantages for personalized medicine have been widely explored and commented on in the literature over recent years. More recently, the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique has been investigated for oral drug-delivery applications.
  • 837
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Zinc-Alpha2-Glycoprotein (AZGP1) and Fibrotic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. It is typically accompanied by progressive fibrosis of the tubulointerstitial compartment.
  • 837
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder
The brain and gut, through the microbiota, can influence each other’s functions via neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and sensory-neural molecular pathways. Moreover, both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and gut peptides might be involved in this communication system.
  • 837
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis
Diabetes and periodontitis are two of the most prevalent diseases worldwide that negatively impact the quality of life of the individual suffering from them. They are part of the chronic inflammatory disease group or, as recently mentioned, non-communicable diseases, with inflammation being the meeting point among them. Inflammation hitherto includes vascular and tissue changes, but new technologies provide data at the intracellular level that could explain how the cells respond to the aggression more clearly. 
  • 836
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Exploitation of Exosomes Delivered in Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional macromolecular polymeric networks composed of hydrophilic polymer chains. Exosomes functioning in the delivery of functional cargos are an active research hotspot. The biological features of exosomes make them suitable as potential therapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases.
  • 832
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neurological Sciences’ Approach to Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Psychotherapy is a comprehensive biological treatment modifying complex underlying cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and regulatory responses in the brain, leading patients with mental illness to a new interpretation of the sense of self and others. Psychotherapy is an art of science integrated with psychology and/or philosophy. Neurological sciences study the neurological basis of cognition, memory, and behavior as well as the impact of neurological damage and disease on these functions, and their treatment. Both psychotherapy and neurological sciences deal with the brain; nevertheless, they continue to stay polarized. Existential phenomenological psychotherapy (EPP) has been in the forefront of meaning-centered counseling for almost a century. The phenomenological approach in psychotherapy originated in the works of Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, and Viktor Frankl, and it has been committed to accounting for the existential possibilities and limitations of one’s life. EPP provides philosophically rich interpretations and empowers counseling techniques to assist mentally suffering individuals by finding meaning and purpose to life. The approach has proven to be effective in treating mood and anxiety disorders. 
  • 830
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Thrombosis
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication among patients suffering from malignancies, leading to increased mortality. Novel randomized trials have added valuable information regarding cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) management using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
  • 829
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
miRNA in Nervous System
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that are 22–23 nucleotides in length. More than 2000 miRNA genes were identified. The last step in the processing of miRNAs is the Dicer-mediated cleavage. This final step is considered the interface link between miRNA and its regulators (e.g., E2 and androgens) on one hand and neurons on the other. Any disruption in the dicer-mediated cleavage of pre-miRNAs will affect mature miRNA production, which could propagate a negative effect on both cortical neurogenesis and the embryonic development of the nervous system. Several studies concluded that the disruption of mature miRNAs would probably affect the function of the nervous system by causing a reduction in neural progenitor cells’ proliferation, a delay in the cell cycle, a disturbance in neural migration, an induction of apoptosis by activation of caspase 3, the stimulation of astrocyte differentiation, and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation.
  • 829
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CCN5/WISP2 Gene Deficiency
CCN5/WISP2 is a matricellular protein, the expression of which is under the regulation of Wnt signaling and IGF-1. 
  • 828
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multifunctional Plant Virus Nanoparticles
Breast cancer treatment using plant-virus-based nanoparticles (PVNPs) has achieved considerable success in preclinical studies. PVNP-based breast cancer therapies include non-targeted and targeted nanoplatforms for delivery of anticancer therapeutic chemo and immune agents and cancer vaccines for activation of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Interestingly, PVNP platforms combined with other tumor immunotherapeutic options and other modalities of oncotherapy can improve tumor efficacy treatment.
  • 827
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Regenerative Strategies in Skin Wounds
The number of clinical trials evaluating adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and biomaterials efficacy in regenerative plastic surgery has exponentially increased during the last ten years. AD-MSCs are easily accessible from various fat depots and show intrinsic plasticity in giving rise to cell types involved in wound healing and angiogenesis. AD-MSCs have been used in the treatment of soft tissue defects and chronic wounds, employed in conjunction with a fat grafting technique or with dermal substitute scaffolds and platelet-rich plasma. In this systematic review, an overview of the current knowledge on this field has been provided. Currently, only 72 articles, strictly regarding the use of AD-MSCs, PRP, and biomaterials in chronic skin wounds and soft tissue defects, have been published. The information analyzed highlights the safety and efficacy of AD-MSCs, PRP, and biomaterials on soft tissue defects and chronic wounds, without major side effects.
  • 825
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenografts and Organoids of Prostate Cancer
Several models of prostate cancer (PCa) have been developed, each with their unique applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The shortage of clinically relevant, in vivo models is particularly a large barrier to comprehending the tumor progression observed in PCa. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are models that are derived from biopsy specimens and metastatic lesions from human patients, and allow researchers to understand in vivo physiology as well as tumor heterogeneity. Despite the clinical utility of PDXs, they are also met with limited availability, higher cost, and advanced technical expertise required for use. Organoids, or "mini organs", are clusters of cells grown in vitro that self-organize and differentiate into functional cell types. Organoids referred to as patient-derived organoids (PDOs) can be derived from primary tissue materials, and have also been demonstrated to be derived from PDXs themselves. Due to their lower cost and ease of use, they work well for molecular and mechanistic studies, while still maintaining appropriate tumor heterogeneity and disease modeling. 
  • 823
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Association between Sodium Channels and Gynecological Cancers
Targeted therapy against cancer plays a key role in delivering safer and more efficient treatments. In the last decades, ion channels have been studied for their participation in oncogenic processes because their aberrant expression and/or function have been associated with different types of malignancies, including ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. 
  • 823
  • 13 Jun 2023
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