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Topic Review
The Formation Mechanism of Pigeon Milk
Pigeon is an important economic poultry species in many countries. Pigeon milk is generally characterized by having high concentrations of proteins and lipids, and a complicated regulatory network is involved in the milk formation. Hormones, especially prolactin, could promote the proliferation of crop epidermal cells and nutrient accumulation. The expression of target genes associated with these important biological processes in the crop epidermis is affected by non-coding RNAs. Meanwhile, signaling pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), protein kinase B (Akt), etc., influence the production of crop milk by either enhancing protein synthesis in crop cells or inducing apoptosis of crop epidermal cells.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs
It is important to rear insects, whether on a small scale for research or a large scale for mass rearing, for use in biological control (BC) programs with macro-organisms.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Assays
Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum
Lactic acid fermentation of fresh fruit juices is a low-cost and sustainable process, that aims to preserve and even enhance the organoleptic and nutritional features of the raw matrices and extend their shelf life. Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were evaluated in the fermentation of various fruit juices, leading in some cases to fruit beverages, with enhanced nutritional and sensorial characteristics. Among LAB, Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum subsp. plantarum strains are quite interesting, regarding their application in the fermentation of a broad range of plant-derived substrates, such as vegetables and fruit juices, since they have genome plasticity and high versatility and flexibility. L. plantarum exhibits a remarkable portfolio of enzymes that make it very important and multi-functional in fruit juice fermentations. Therefore, L. plantarum has the potential for the production of various bioactive compounds, which enhance the nutritional value and the shelf life of the final product. In addition, L. plantarum can positively modify the flavor of fruit juices, leading to higher content of desirable volatile compounds.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1
Avian orthoavulaviruses type-1 (AOaV-1) have transitioned from animal vaccine vector to a bona fide vaccine delivery vehicle in human. Owing to induction of robust innate and adaptive immune responses in mucus membranes in both birds and mammals, AOaVs offer an attractive vaccine against respiratory pathogens. The unique features of AOaVs include over 50 years of safety profile, stable expression of foreign genes, high infectivity rates in avian and mammalian hosts, broad host spectrum, limited possibility of recombination and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Additionally, AOaVs vectors allow the production of economical and high quantities of vaccine antigen in chicken embryonated eggs and several GMP-grade mammalian cell lines.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Grazing and Feedlot Angus Beef Cattle
Grazing-fed cattle are free-ranged on pastures with grass as the main feed, while feedlot-fed cattle are raised in feedlots with grains as their main feed. 
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Nitrogen Flows in Bangladesh’s Agriculture Sector
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is the largest in the crop sector, an important sector, where current annual consumption is 1190 Gg. The present combined annual Nr production from crop, fishery, and livestock sectors is ~600 Gg, while emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, are ~200 Gg. Poor N management results in Nr leaking into the environment, which has increased approximately 16-fold since 1961. One potential consequence is the disruption of ecosystem functioning. The balanced tradeoff between food production and reducing Nr input needs to be achieved. One solution to reducing unutilized reactive N (Nr) may be a holistic approach that optimizes N application rates and incorporates waste of one subsector as an input to another applying the principle of the circular economy. 
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Northern Elephant Seal
The Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) stands as a magnificent marine mammal, captivating researchers and nature enthusiasts alike. Known for its colossal size and distinctive, trunk-like proboscis, this species inhabits the eastern Pacific Ocean, predominantly along the coasts of California and Mexico. The life history of the Northern Elephant Seal is marked by remarkable adaptations for oceanic life, intricate social dynamics, and seasonal migrations, making it a compelling subject of study in marine biology.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tuber Sprout Suppressants
To avoid tuber sprouting, increased storage and transportation of potatoes demands either the retention of their dormant state or the application of sprout growth suppressants.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Olfaction in Eusocial Ants
Eusocial ants (family Formicidae) engage in a broad range of social behaviors such as nursing the queen’s offspring, foraging for food, and defending their nest. Importantly, these behaviors critically depend on the exchange of information through the detection of chemical cues by a sophisticated olfactory system comprising among the largest number of odorant receptors (ORs) of any insect.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry
One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. 
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cadmium in Plants
Cd is a naturally occurring environmental toxicant, which is easily absorbed and accumulated by plants, and has strong teratogenic and mutagenic effects on organisms. Human exposure to Cd for a long time can easily cause diseases such as osteoporosis and kidney damage. It is also positively correlated with the outbreak of a variety of cancers, and is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Group I). A large amount of data shows that the intake of Cd in the human body is mainly from the diet. Therefore, it is very important to understand the influx and transport mechanism of Cd in plants.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Plants Abiotic Stress Management
Abiotic stress in plants is one of the main obstacles to global agricultural production and food security. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel approaches to overcome these problems and achieve sustainability. Nanotechnology has emerged as one such novel approach to improve crop production, through the utilization of nanoscale products, such as nanofertilizer, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides and nanopesticides. Their ability to cross cellular barriers makes nanoparticles suitable for their application in agriculture. Since they are easily soluble, smaller, and effective for uptake by plants, nanoparticles are widely used as a modern agricultural tool. The implementation of nanoparticles has been found to be effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative aspects of crop production under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Crop Nitrogen Diagnosis
       Nitrogen (N) plays a key role in the growth of agricultural crops, efficient and precise tools for diagnosis of N status is key to improving crop productivity and reducing environmental pollution. Recent development of non-destructive optical techniques, such as spectroscopy and machine vision technologies, have laid a good foundation for real-time monitoring and precise management of crop N status. We mainly focused on the contribution of spectral and machine vision technology to the accurate diagnosis of crop N status from three aspects: system selection, data processing, and estimation methods. In order to provide useful information for readers.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cold Stress in Arabidopsis and Rice
Cold stress, including freezing stress and chilling stress, is one of the major environmental factors that limit the growth and productivity of plants. As a temperate dicot model plant species, Arabidopsis develops a capability to freezing tolerance through cold acclimation. The past decades have witnessed a deep understanding of mechanisms underlying cold stress signal perception, transduction, and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. In contrast, a monocot cereal model plant species derived from tropical and subtropical origins, rice, is very sensitive to chilling stress and has evolved a different mechanism for chilling stress signaling and response.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Smart village
In this study, the level of progress of climate smart agriculture was examined, its ideas were employed to develop a framework for smart village development. This is essential because most agricultural activites are maximized in the rural communities, more so, its development can influence the increasing rural-urban migration. Also of importance is the tailoring of this framework towards sustainability. 
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Marbled Cat
The Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small and elusive wild cat species native to the forests of Southeast Asia. Renowned for its striking marbled coat pattern, this felid species occupies a niche as an arboreal predator, adept at navigating the dense canopy of its habitat. Despite its cryptic nature and limited sightings in the wild, the Marbled Cat plays a significant role in forest ecosystems, preying on small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and contributing to the regulation of prey populations.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis) is a highly specialized and critically endangered canid species endemic to the Afroalpine ecosystems of the Ethiopian Highlands. With its distinctive russet-colored coat and slender build, this medium-sized wolf stands as Africa's most endangered carnivore, facing numerous threats to its survival. As a top predator and keystone species, the Ethiopian Wolf plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance in its unique Afroalpine habitat.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Organic Food Impact on Human Health
Organic agriculture has gained more popularity, yet its approach to food production and its potential impact on consumers’ health and various environmental aspects remain to be fully discovered. The goal of organic farming practices is to maintain soil health, sustain ecological systems, maintain fairness in its relationship with the environment and protect the environment in its entirety. Various health benefits have been associated with higher consumption of organic foods.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Devil Facial Tumour Disease
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is an aggressive non-viral clonally transmissible cancer which affects Tasmanian devils, a marsupial native to Australia . DFTD was first described in 1996. In the subsequent decade the disease ravaged Tasmania's wild devils. Affected high-density populations suffered up to 100% mortality in 12–18 months. Between 1996 and 2015, DFTD wiped out 95% of affected colonies.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
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