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Topic Review
Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Metabolic Program
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in bone marrow continuously supply a large number of blood cells throughout life in collaboration with hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). HSCs and HPCs are thought to regulate and utilize intracellular metabolic programs to obtain metabolites, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is necessary for various cellular functions. The metabolic programs of tissue stem/progenitor cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms have been elucidated using a variety of metabolic analysis methods.
  • 992
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer T and Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy
Both natural killer T (NKT) and natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphoid cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and their role in the innate immune response to tumors and microorganisms has been investigated. Especially, emerging evidence has revealed their status and function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of tumor cells. As a recent strategy in cancer immunotherapy, the mobilization or restoration of endogenous NKT or NK cells by novel vaccines or therapies has become a focus of research. Several new modalities based on the characteristics of NKT and NK cells, including artificial adjuvant vector cells, chimeric antigen receptor-expressing NK or NKT cell therapy, or their combination with immune checkpoint blockade have been developed. This research examines challenges and future directions for improving these therapies.
  • 992
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulation by Gut Microbiome on Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal cancer (GI) is a global health disease with a huge burden on a patient’s physical and psychological aspects of life and on health care providers. It is associated with multiple disease related challenges which can alter the patient’s quality of life and well-being. GI cancer development is influenced by multiple factors such as diet, infection, environment, and genetics. Although activating immune pathways and components during cancer is critical for the host’s survival, cancerous cells can target those pathways to escape and survive. As the gut microbiome influences the development and function of the immune system, research is conducted to investigate the gut microbiome–immune interactions, the underlying mechanisms, and how they reduce the risk of GI cancer. 
  • 990
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
CAR Therapy
Among the many oncology therapies, few have generated as much excitement as CAR-T. The success of CAR therapy would not have been possible without the many discoveries that preceded it, most notably, the Nobel Prize-winning breakthroughs in cellular immunity. However, despite the fact that CAR-T already offers not only hope for development, but measurable results in the treatment of hematological malignancies, CAR-T still cannot be safely applied to solid tumors. The reason for this is, among other things, the lack of tumor-specific antigens which, in therapy, threatens to cause a lethal attack of lymphocytes on healthy cells. In the case of hematological malignancies, dangerous complications such as cytokine release syndrome may occur. Scientists have responded to these clinical challenges with molecular switches.
  • 988
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet Mediated Immune Regulation in Different Diseases
Ketogenic diets (KD) encompass a lower consumption of carbohydrates, adequate protein, and a high fat regimen which induces ketone body production via mimicking the metabolism of the fasting state without significant calorie deprivation. Herein, several facets of ketogenic diet as an immunomodulator with respect to its expansive clinical applications are presented.
  • 988
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Class Switch Recombination by G4 Structures
Mature B cells notably diversify immunoglobulin (Ig) production through class switch recombination (CSR), allowing the junction of distant “switch” (S) regions. CSR is initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID), which targets cytosines adequately exposed within single-stranded DNA of transcribed targeted S regions, with a specific affinity for WRCY motifs. In mammalian S regions, abundant G4 (G-quadruplex) DNA on the non-template strand also contributes to the formation of R-loops while the presence of G4 structures within the primary transcripts from S regions participates into recruiting AID. The ability of G4 ligands to modulate the CSR process also underlines the key role of G4 structures in the regulation of CSR.
  • 988
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Innate Immune Control of Fungal Infections
Fungal spores are ubiquitous in the environment and are encountered on a daily basis. Fungi that enter the body are usually controlled by human's innate immune system, preventing disease from developing. Detection of fungal surface ligands by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) triggers a pro-inflammatory response, resulting in innate immune activation and elimination of fungi when the immune response is effective, or ineffective clearance and development of disease when immunity fails.
  • 988
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
B-Cell Lymphoma
The term B-cell lymphoma encompasses different neoplasms characterised by an abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells at various stages of differentiation. B-cell lymphoma develops more frequently in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and includes both Hodgkin’s lymphomas (HLs) and most B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs).
  • 986
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoarthritis
Along with cytokines, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells in the joint contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. By high-resolution flow cytometry, we characterized 18 surface markers and 4 proinflammatory cytokines carried by EVs of various sizes in plasma and synovial fluid (SF) from individuals with knee OA, with a primary focus on immune cells that play a major role in OA pathogenesis.
  • 985
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hyperuricemia and Gout
Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for gout. It has been well observed that a large proportion of individuals with hyperuricemia have never had a gout flare(s), while some patients with gout can have a normuricemia. This raises a puzzle of the real role of serum uric acid (SUA) in the occurrence of gout flares. As the molecule of uric acid has its dual effects in vivo with antioxidant properties as well as being an inflammatory promoter, it has been placed in a delicate position in balancing metabolisms. Gout seems to be a multifactorial metabolic disease and its pathogenesis should not rely solely on hyperuricemia or monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. 
  • 984
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Infectious complications in AIHA
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) may be frequently challenged by infectious complications, mainly as a result of immunosuppressive treatments administered. Furthermore, infectious agents are known triggers of AIHA onset and relapse. Although being risk factors for mortality, infec-tions are an underestimated issue in AIHA.
  • 977
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
RhoH in TCR Signalling
As an atypical member of the Rho family small GTPases, RhoH shares less than 50% sequence similarity with other members, and its expression is commonly observed in the haematopoietic lineage. To date, RhoH function was observed in regulating T cell receptor signalling, and less is known in other haematopoietic cells. Its activation may not rely on the standard GDP/GTP cycling of small G proteins and is thought to be constitutively active because critical amino acids involved in GTP hydrolysis are absent. Alternatively, its activation can be regulated by other types of regulation, including lysosomal degradation, somatic mutation and transcriptional repressor, which also results in an altered protein expression. Aberrant protein expression of RhoH has been implicated not only in B cell malignancies but also in immune-related diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, wherein its involvement may provide the link between immune-related diseases and cancer.
  • 976
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, largely due to its aggressive development. Consequently, treatment options are often palliative, as only one-fifth of patients present with potentially curable tumors. The only available treatment with curative intent is surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, even for patients that are eligible for surgery, the 5-year OS remains below 10%.
  • 976
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
S100 Proteins in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases
Very well-known AMP-family members are S100 proteins that constitute the largest, multigenic, and calcium-binding protein family in vertebrates. Over 20 types of these proteins have been identified, of which 13 are expressed in the normal or diseased human epidermis. The name of the S100 proteins is due to their biochemical characteristics, namely, they are 100% soluble in saturated ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. S100 proteins are small, acidic proteins with a molecular weight of 9–13 kDa. They are produced as monomers, but exist in cells as anti-parallel homo- and heterodimers, in which monomers are held together by non-covalent bonds and are oriented by a two-fold axis of rotation. Dimers can further associate to form higher-order multimers. Each S100 monomer consists of two helix–loop–helix structural motifs that are Ca2+-binding domains termed EF-hands. 
  • 975
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Liver-Associated Injuries in COVID-19 Patients
The global outbreak of COVID-19 possesses serious challenges and adverse impacts for patients with progression of chronic liver disease and has become a major threat to public health. COVID-19 patients have a high risk of lung injury and multiorgan dysfunction that remains a major challenge to hepatology. COVID-19 patients and those with liver injury exhibit clinical manifestations, including elevation in ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-6 and reduction in the levels of CD4 and CD8. Liver injury in COVID-19 patients is induced through multiple factors, including a direct attack of SARS-CoV-2 on liver hepatocytes, hypoxia reperfusion dysfunction, cytokine release syndrome, drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by lopinavir and ritonavir, immune-mediated inflammation, renin-angiotensin system, and coagulopathy. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction are not fully understood in severe COVID-19 attacks. High mortality and the development of chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma are also associated with patients with liver damage. COVID-19 patients with preexisting or developing liver disease should be managed. They often need hospitalization and medication, especially in conjunction with liver transplants. 
  • 973
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Psoriasis and Its Clinical Implications
Psoriasis is the result of uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation, and its pathogenesis involves the dysregulation of the immune system. The interplay among cytokines released by dendritic, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells leads to the phenotypical manifestations seen in psoriasis. Biological therapies target the cytokine-mediated pathogenesis of psoriasis and have improved patient quality of life.
  • 971
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Innate Immunity of the Small Intestine
The small intestine has a huge surface area that is further enhanced by villi and microvilli to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The expanded surface area of the small intestine increases the likelihood of exposure to pathogens in the lumen. The small intestine must balance the need for nutrient absorption with the ability to ward off pathogens. The majority of the immune cells in the body reside in the mucosa-associated tissues and the mesenchymal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) play a vital role in the development of the immunity of the entire body, as most of the antigens that get into the body are transported to the GIT for processing by its innate immunity before being delivered to the adaptive immunity.
  • 970
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space
The gravity environment in space is termed “microgravity” (μG) and is defined as approximately 10−6 of Earth’s surface gravity (G), as there is never truly a complete absence of gravity. The effects of μG on various cell types have been documented in bone, cartilage, and endothelial cells, to name a few, and immune cells are no exception. Among the various microgravity-induced side effects, a compromised or altered immune response can have serious consequences and jeopardize the survival of humans in space.
  • 969
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics
The use of probiotics in livestock has been suggested to significantly improve their health, immunity, growth performance, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal microbial balance. Furthermore, it was reported that the use of probiotics in animals was helpful in equilibrating their beneficial microbial population and microbial turnover via stimulating the host immune response through specific secretions and competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract.
  • 969
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Properties of Bioactive Products
Bioactive products have an effect on the molecular and biochemical functions of a living organism, causing a physiological response of the given tissue. Such a products are biologically active. Depending on the active component and amount, the effects of such products can be positive or negative. Bioactive products can be food ingredients or dietary supplements, and while they are not required for survival, they are responsible for changes in the body’s health.
  • 967
  • 24 Mar 2022
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