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Topic Review
Deep Learning Neural Network Discriminate Multi-Cancer Types
Detecting cancers at early stages can dramatically reduce mortality rates. Therefore, practical cancer screening at the population level is needed.  Researchers employ artificial deep learning neural networks (NN) and noncoding RNA biomarkers to develop an accurate cancer detection system, with >96% AUC for binarily detecting cancers vs normal.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease and Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit an almost complete penetrance of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology but are underrepresented in clinical trials for AD. The Tau protein is associated with microtubule function in the neuron and is crucial for normal axonal transport. In several different neurodegenerative disorders, Tau misfolding leads to hyper-phosphorylation of Tau (p-Tau), which may seed pathology to bystander cells and spread.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Quantitative Electroencephalogram
Over many decades, clinical, systemic, and cognitive neuroscience have produced a large and diverse body of evidence for the potential utility of brain activity (measured by electroencephalogram—EEG) for neurology and psychiatry. These data are enormous and essential information often gets buried, leaving many researchers stuck with outdated paradigms.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Mimicry in Gluten-related Disorders
Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are a group of diseases that involve the activation of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of gluten, with a worldwide prevalence of 5%. Among them, Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease causing a plethora of symptoms from diarrhea and malabsorption to lymphoma. Even though GRDs have been intensively studied, the environmental triggers promoting the diverse reactions to gluten proteins in susceptible individuals remain elusive. It has been proposed that pathogens could act as disease-causing environmental triggers of CeD by molecular mimicry mechanisms. Additionally, it could also be possible that unrecognized molecular, structural, and physical parallels between gluten and bacteria have a relevant role. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Potential of Dithiocarbamates Complexes
Dithiocarbamates and their metal complexes have shown promising antimicrobial activities; the mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial activity include their ability to act as enzyme inhibitors for (i) fungal, protozoan, and bacterial carbonic anhydrase and (ii) metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in antibiotic resistant bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
JAK inhibitors and immune system
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in many malignancies. Inhibition of this pathway via JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy underlined by Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) being approved for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. As a consequence of the crucial role of the JAK-STAT pathway in the regulation of immune responses, inhibition of JAKs suppresses the immune system. This review article provides a thorough overview of the current knowledge on JAKinibs’ effects on immune cells in the context of hematological malignancies. We also discuss the potential use of JAKinibs for the treatment of diseases in which lymphocytes are the source of the malignancy.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Fanconi Anemia-Deficient Cells
Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway deficiency is associated with dysregulated cellular metabolism in addition to defects in interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) repair, and metabolic abnormalities are an important potential contributor to the observed clinical phenotypes. Metabolic dysregulation is reflected by changes in mitochondrial structure and function with reduced energy production and an increase in oxidative stress and defective mitophagy. Furthermore, mutations in FA proteins cause increased aldehyde load and subsequent aldehyde induced damage, resulting in reduced cellular capacity for aldehyde detoxification, and hyperproduction of, and sensitivity to, inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic reprogramming in individuals with FA may be linked to an array of phenotypes poorly explained by deficient DNA repair, including short stature, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, abnormal body mass index (BMI) and dyslipidemia. Metabolism is a dynamic process which is essential for cell viability, from maintaining membrane potentials, provision of metabolic energy in the form of ATP via oxidation of nutrients (catabolism) for cell maintenance and repair, to cell proliferation that requires ATP to drive the formation of complex macromolecules (anabolism), and tissue specific activities such as contraction of muscle and generation of action potentials in the brain. Nutrient uptake and utilization are commonly altered in cancers and many show a strong dependence on glutamine.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Light at Night and Associated Neuronal Changes
Artificial light at night (ALAN) has changed the pattern of the natural day-night environment. In recent times, a good amount of focus has been put on the research related with changes in night illumination due to rapid urbanization. It has shown to affect circadian rhythms that regulate almost all physiological processes in animals including sleep and cognition. In the early 2010s, most behavioural and molecular studies of light at night were focused on nocturnal rodents. However, until recently, songbirds have taken the front seat, as most are diurnal and show higher cognitive behaviour like mammalian model systems. Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects circadian rhythms and physiology in songbirds. Most of the studies, both in wild and captive birds, have shown negative consequences of ALAN on daily timing, sleep, physiology and higher brain functions.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing Landscape in Rice
Alternative splicing (AS) is a vital post-transcriptional modulator of gene expression that amplifies the proteome diversity and regulates many physiological processes essential for mounting responses to stresses in plants.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Neurological Diseases
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been described to induce a broad range of redox-dependent signaling reactions in physiological conditions. Nevertheless, an excessive accumulation of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which was traditionally considered as detrimental for cells and organisms, due to the oxidative damage they cause to biomolecules. During ageing, elevated ROS levels result in the accumulation of damaged proteins, which may exhibit altered enzymatic function or physical properties (e.g., aggregation propensity). Emerging evidence also highlights the relationship between oxidative stress and age-related pathologies, such as protein misfolding-based neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s (HD) diseases). 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anhydrobiosis
Anhydrobiosis is induced by loss of water and indicates dehydration tolerance. Survival of dehydration is possible through changes at different levels of organism organization, including a remarkable reduction in metabolic activity at the cellular level. Thus, anhydrobiosis may be regarded as an anti-aging strategy.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Carboxylic Polyester-Degrading Enzymes
Esters are organic compounds widely represented in cellular structures and metabolism, originated by the condensation of organic acids and alcohols. Esterification reactions are also used by chemical industries for the production of synthetic plastic polymers. Polyester plastics are an increasing source of environmental pollution due to their intrinsic stability and limited recycling efforts. Bioremediation of polyesters based on the use of specific microbial enzymes is an interesting alternative to the current methods for the valorization of used plastics. Microbial esterases are promising catalysts for the biodegradation of polyesters that can be engineered to improve their biochemical properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Pharyngeal Patterns of Collapse in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) enables the three-dimensional and dynamic visualization of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, which is useful in selecting the best treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, particularly for surgical procedures. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Calcium in Cytosolic Protein-Mediated Apoptosis
Calcium is an essential intracellular messenger that plays a vital role in controlling a broad range of cellular processes, including apoptosis. Cytosolic calcium levels are tightly regulated, and an imbalance in calcium concentrations can trigger apoptosis through various mechanisms involving cytosolic proteins.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
PacBio SMRT Sequencing for Human Telomere Sequence
This article describes the challenges of sequencing human telomeres and the advantages of using PacBio SMRT sequencing for telomere genome analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
The Link between CRDs and Prostate Cancer Risk
African American (AA) men have 2.4 times higher mortality rate due to prostate cancer than White men in the United States. Evidence implicates circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) as a potential driver of prostate cancer risk and progression. AA men are particularly vulnerable to CRDs due to greater exposure to night shift work, artificial light at night, noise pollution, racial discrimination, and socioeconomic disadvantages.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
4-Hexylresorcinol
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is a synthetic resorcinolic lipid that has been used as an anti-parasitic and antiseptic agent since the 1920s. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CL Biosynthesis and Functions
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Chagas Disease Patients
Chagas disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. The acute phase of Chagas disease is characterized by several symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and cardiopathy’s. Chronic phase could be asymptomatic or symptomatic with cardiac compromise. Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cardiovascular involvement has been identified as a complication commonly reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the lack of knowledge of the cardiac affectations that this virus could cause in patients with Chagas disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol’s Bioavailability
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol that has been shown to elicit a variety of beneficial effects in vitro.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2021
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