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Topic Review
Heaviside Condition
The Heaviside condition, named for Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925), is the condition an electrical transmission line must meet in order for there to be no distortion of a transmitted signal. Also known as the distortionless condition, it can be used to improve the performance of a transmission line by adding loading to the cable.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Apple Electric Car Project
The Apple electric car project (codenamed "Titan") is an electric car project undergoing research and development by Apple Inc. Apple has yet to openly discuss any of its self-driving research, but around 5,000 employees were reported to be working on the project (As of 2018). In May 2018, Apple reportedly partnered with Volkswagen to produce an autonomous employee shuttle van based on the T6 Transporter commercial vehicle platform. In August 2018, the BBC reported that Apple had 66 road-registered driverless cars, with 111 drivers registered to operate those cars. In 2020, it is believed that Apple is still working on self driving related hardware, software and service as a potential product, instead of actual Apple-branded cars. In December 2020, Reuters reported that Apple was planning on a possible launch date of 2024, but analyst Ming-Chi Kuo claimed it would not be launched before 2025 and might not be launched until 2028 or later.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
MEMS-Based Tunable Metamaterials
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is a well-known technology that mechanically reconfigures the metamaterial unit cells.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mobile-Applications for Assessing Human Posture
Postural assessment corresponds to a stage of the physical examination that aims to identify possible misalignment of the body that may be caused by changes in the spine or other body segments. To assist in this evaluation procedure, several methods and resources are used by health professionals, including software solutions such as desktop and mobile systems.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Temperature Estimation
The modern and very effective methods of estimating the temperature of electric motors include machine learning and deep learning. Their unquestionable advantage is that on the basis of the collected measurement data, a function mapping the relationship between the values of the input features and the output is determined. This means that predictive modeling does not require knowledge of the material properties of a given device or having expertise knowledge about its construction.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sensor Data for Mobile Robots
Autonomous robots that assist humans in day to day living tasks are becoming increasingly popular. Autonomous mobile robots operate by sensing and perceiving their surrounding environment to make accurate driving decisions. A combination of several different sensors such as LiDAR, radar, ultrasound sensors and cameras are utilized to sense the surrounding environment of autonomous vehicles. These heterogeneous sensors simultaneously capture various physical attributes of the environment. Such multimodality and redundancy of sensing need to be positively utilized for reliable and consistent perception of the environment through sensor data fusion. However, these multimodal sensor data streams are different from each other in many ways, such as temporal and spatial resolution, data format, and geometric alignment. For the subsequent perception algorithms to utilize the diversity offered by multimodal sensing, the data streams need to be spatially, geometrically and temporally aligned with each other. A typical approach is to use a geometrical model to spatially align the two sensor outputs, followed by a Gaussian Process (GP) regression-based resolution matching algorithm to interpolate the missing data with quantifiable uncertainty. 
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Battery Management System
Renewable energy penetration and distributed generation are key for the transition towards more sustainable societies, but they impose a substantial challenge in terms of matching generation with demand due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of some of these renewable energy sources. Thus, the role of energy storage in today’s and future electricity markets is undisputed. Batteries stand out among the different alternatives for energy storage.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Power Losses Models for Magnetic Cores
The design of magnetic components is the key to achieving two purposes. The design parameters are intimately dependent on geometric structure, excitation conditions, and magnetic properties such as power losses that determine if a core magnetic is suitable to be part of a magnetic component. Power losses in magnetic components are important design parameters; which limit many high-frequency designs.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Remote Sensing Data Fusion
With the growth of satellite and airborne-based platforms, remote sensing is increasing attention in the last decades. Everyday, sensors acquire data with different modalities and several resolutions. Leveraging on their complementary properties is a key scientific challenge, usually called remote sensing data fusion.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Hybrid Systems
Renewable energies are those sources of energy that can be obtained naturally without depleting the planet’s resources. Hybrid renewable energy systems are those that combine two or more renewable energy sources to generate electricity.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
BTI in GaN MIS Transistors
Recent studies on bias-temperature instabilities (BTI) in D- and E-mode GaN transistors are reviewed here, focusing on BTI mechanisms in fully recess-gate E-mode GaN transistors.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nondestructive Testing Technologies for Rail Inspection
Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques in conjunction with artificial intelligence approaches have tremendous potential and viability because it is highly possible to improve the detection accuracy which has been proven in various conventional nondestructive testing techniques.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Semiconductor Device
Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors. Semiconductor devices have replaced thermionic devices (vacuum tubes) in most applications. They use electronic conduction in the solid state as opposed to the gaseous state or thermionic emission in a high vacuum. Semiconductor devices are manufactured both as single discrete devices and as integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of a number—from a few (as low as two) to billions—of devices manufactured and interconnected on a single semiconductor substrate, or wafer. Semiconductor materials are useful because their behavior can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as doping. Semiconductor conductivity can be controlled by the introduction of an electric or magnetic field, by exposure to light or heat, or by the mechanical deformation of a doped monocrystalline grid; thus, semiconductors can make excellent sensors. Current conduction in a semiconductor occurs via mobile or "free" electrons and holes, collectively known as charge carriers. Doping a semiconductor such as silicon with a small proportion of an atomic impurity, such as phosphorus or boron, greatly increases the number of free electrons or holes within the semiconductor. When a doped semiconductor contains excess holes it is called "p-type", and when it contains excess free electrons it is known as "n-type", where p (positive for holes) or n (negative for electrons) is the sign of the charge of the majority mobile charge carriers. The semiconductor material used in devices is doped under highly controlled conditions in a fabrication facility, or fab, to control precisely the location and concentration of p- and n-type dopants. The junctions which form where n-type and p-type semiconductors join together are called p–n junctions. Semiconductor devices made per year have been growing by 9.1% on average since 1978 and shipments in 2018 are predicted for the first time to exceed 1 trillion, meaning well over 7 trillion has been made to date, in just in the decade prior.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Early Warning Systems
An Early Warning System (EWS) is an architecture that integrates monitoring and forecasting subsystems, effective communication technologies, decision-making capabilities, and response activities to reduce the impact of disasters due to hazardous events through the generation and dissemination of accurate and timely warnings.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aerial LiDAR Data Augmentation
Direct point-cloud visualisation is a common approach for visualising large datasets of aerial terrain LiDAR scans. However, because of the limitations of the acquisition technique, such visualisations often lack the desired visual appeal and quality, mostly because certain types of objects are incomplete or entirely missing (e.g., missing water surfaces, missing building walls and missing parts of the terrain). To improve the quality of direct LiDAR point-cloud rendering, we present a point-cloud processing pipeline that uses data fusion to augment the data with additional points on water surfaces, building walls and terrain through the use of vector maps of water surfaces and building outlines. In the last step of the pipeline, we also add colour information, and calculate point normals for illumination of individual points to make the final visualisation more visually appealing. We evaluate our approach on several parts of the Slovenian LiDAR dataset.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Silicon Multi-Mode Routing Devices
The multi-mode routing devices are used for transferring higher-order modes in the multi-mode bus waveguide without introducing mode-dependent losses or inter-modal crosstalk, including multi-mode bend, multi-mode crossing and multi-mode splitter.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Logic Operations Based on Memristive Devices
Memristor, as a promising computing and memory integration device, offers a new research idea for the conventional logic circuit structure and architecture innovation, given its non-volatility, scalability, low power consumption, fast switching speed, etc. A brief overview of the characteristics and current status of memoristor-based logic circuits,and analyzes their applications in numerical expression and memory were introduced here. The benefits and drawbacks of various analog logic circuit structures are summarized and compared. In addition, some solution strategies for these issues are presented. The prospects for the applications of memristors in logic implementation of large-scale memristor arrays, the novel structure of computing in-memory, and neural network computing were described.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microgrid Systems
A microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Laser Video Display
Laser color television (laser TV), or laser color video display utilizes two or more individually modulated optical (laser) rays of different colors to produce a combined spot that is scanned and projected across the image plane by a polygon-mirror system or less effectively by optoelectronic means to produce a color-television display. The systems work either by scanning the entire picture a dot at a time and modulating the laser directly at high frequency, much like the electron beams in a cathode ray tube, or by optically spreading and then modulating the laser and scanning a line at a time, the line itself being modulated in much the same way as with digital light processing (DLP). The special case of one ray reduces the system to a monochrome display as, for example, in black and white television. This principle applies to a direct view display as well as to a (front or rear) laser projector system. Laser TV technology began to appear in the 1990s. In the 21st century the rapid development and maturity of semiconductor lasers and other technologies gave it new advantages.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring the Water Quality
Electrochemical biosensors are advantageous analytical devices or tools that convert a bio-signal by biorecognition elements into a significant electrical response. Biosensors have many advantages over the conventional lab-based method, including low costs, portability, fast response time, less usage of reagents, and the capability to continuous monitor the complex wastewater. Such sensors significantly benefit from sensing the minimum level in polluted water, such as wastewater.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Jul 2023
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