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Topic Review
Gastric Cancer and Viruses
Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant health concern worldwide, with a GLOBOCAN estimate of 1.08 million novel cases in 2020. It is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost to cancer, with the fourth most common cancer in males and the fifth most common cancer in females. Strategies are pursued across the globe to prevent gastric cancer progression as a significant fraction of gastric cancers have been linked to various pathogenic (bacterial and viral) infections.
  • 899
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses
The measures employed for curbing AI outbreaks and morbidities have played major roles in the journey towards global AI control. Although commendable progress has been made, more effective surveillance programmes, treatment regimens and prophylactic vaccines, which are capable of tackling the rapidly evolving AIV need to be developed. Effective control measures are the best option at preventing an AI panzootic which at present seems inevitable. To achieve this, AIV surveillance serves as an important tool for the understanding of the evolutionary patterns and epidemiology of AIVs.
  • 897
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China, causing outbreaks of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 that has now spread globally. For this reason, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency in March 2020. People living with pre-existing conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and chronic kidney and lung diseases, are prone to develop severe forms of disease with fatal outcomes. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and T2D alter the balance of innate and adaptive responses. Both diseases share common features characterized by augmented adiposity associated with a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, senescence, immunoglobulin glycation, and abnormalities in the number and function of adaptive immune cells. In obese and T2D patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, where immune cells are already hampered, this response appears to be stronger.
  • 896
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Treatment: Advantages of Drug Combination Therapy
Influenza infection is serious and debilitating for humans and animals. The influenza virus undergoes incessant mutation, segment recombination, and genome reassortment. Antiviral therapy has been used for the treatment of influenza since the development of amantadine in the 1960s; however, its use is hampered by the emergence of novel strains and the development of drug resistance. Thus, combinational therapy with two or more antivirals or immunomodulators with different modes of action is the optimal strategy for the effective treatment of influenza infection. 
  • 894
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Delta and Lambda Variants of SARS-CoV-2
The high transmissibility of Delta and Lambda variants has raised the need to determine the reason for the infectivity of these variants. Since the Delta variant first emerged in India in June 2020, the global incidence of the Delta variant has made it a VOC. The Delta variant is 60% more infectious than the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, Lambda, a VOI, was first reported in Peru in December, 2020 and currently, its diverse mutations and increased frequency in over 29 countries has raised more attention.
  • 893
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2
Rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19 based on lateral flow immunoassays are useful for rapid diagnosis in a variety of settings. Although many kinds of RATs are available, their respective sensitivity has not been compared. 
  • 892
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
HIV-1 Envelope
The RV144 trial represents the only vaccine trial to demonstrate any protective effect against HIV-1 infection. While the reason(s) for this protection are still being evaluated, it serves as justification for widespread efforts aimed at developing new, more effective HIV-1 vaccines. HIV-1 immunogens and host antibody responses to these immunogens are crucial to informing vaccine design. While the envelope (Env) protein is the only viral protein present on the surface of virions, it exists in a complex trimeric conformation and is decorated with an array of variable N-linked glycans, making it an important but difficult target for vaccine design.
  • 891
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Geminivirus–Host Interactions
In plant−virus interactions, the plant immune system and virulence strategies are under constant pressure for dominance, and the balance of these opposing selection pressures can result in disease or resistance. The naturally evolving plant antiviral immune defense consists of a multilayered perception system represented by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and resistance (R) proteins similarly to the nonviral pathogen innate defenses. Another layer of antiviral immunity, signaling via a cell surface receptor-like kinase to inhibit host and viral mRNA translation, has been identified as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein. The Geminiviridae family comprises broad-host range viruses that cause devastating plant diseases in a large variety of relevant crops and vegetables and hence have evolved a repertoire of immune-suppressing functions.
  • 890
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
HTLV-1 Tax Structure Models
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus responsible for leukaemia in 5 to 10% of infected individuals. Among the viral proteins, Tax has been described as directly involved in virus-induced leukemogenesis. Tax is therefore an interesting therapeutic target. However, its 3D structure is still unknown and this hampers the development of drug-design-based therapeutic strategies. Several algorithms are available that can be used to predict the structure of proteins, particularly with the recent appearance of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven pipelines. However, Tax seems to be resistant to such predictions.
  • 890
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Omicron Variant
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the novel Omicron variant in November 2021 has created chaos around the world.
  • 889
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Zika Virus Properties
ZIKV belongs to the genus of Flavivirus in the Flaviviridae family that comprises multiple deadly human pathogens, including the dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), the yellow fever virus (YFV), and the West Nile virus (WNV). ZIKV infection is known to result in severe manifestations including neurological complications in adults and congenital abnormalities in newborns.
  • 889
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection causes progressive liver damage, although about 20% of patients develop extrahepatic manifestations such as cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV). Clinical manifestations range from mild to moderate (purpura, asthenia, arthralgia) to severe (leg ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Treatment is based on persistent viral clearance.
  • 882
  • 04 Jun 2021
Biography
Elsayed Elsayed Wagih
Elasayed Elsayed Wagih PhD, DIC, CIDTT (born 21 November 1946) is an Egyptian Professor of Virology and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab Society for Biotechnology. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. Wagih is well known for having invented Zymoblot, the fastest available microtechnique to detect gene expression and/or enzyme activity in any biological specimen as well as the ”Mirror
  • 879
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HCV and Host Lipids
Lipids and lipoproteins constitute indispensable components for living not only for humans. In the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the option of using the products of our lipid metabolism is “to be, or not to be”. On the other hand, HCV infection, which is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, exerts a profound influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the host. 
  • 878
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
NcRNAs and extracellular vesicles Interactions
Intercellular communication occurring by cell-to-cell contacts and via secreted messengers trafficked through extracellular vehicles is critical for regulating biological functions of multicellular organisms. Recent research has revealed that non-coding RNAs can be found in extracellular vesicles consistent with a functional importance of these molecular vehicles in virus propagation and suggesting that these essential membrane-bound bodies can be highjacked by viruses to promote disease pathogenesis. Newly emerging evidence that coronaviruses generate non-coding RNAs and use extracellular vesicles to facilitate viral pathogenicity may have important implications for the development of effective strategies to combat COVID-19, a disease caused by infection with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.
  • 877
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin C Intervention for Critical COVID-19
Coronaviruses are single-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses comprising a lipid bilayer containing crown-like spikes (Latin, Corona = Crown) on their outer surface.
  • 872
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Novel Heterocyclic Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2
The heterocyclic ring derivatives were evaluated for their therapeutic potentials against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, Spro, and RdRp. All the compounds reported showed excellent binding affinities with the various target proteins. Among the derivatives, compound C13 exhibits the highest binding affinity for the drug targets Spro (−10.6 kcal/mol) and RdRp (−9.5 kcal/mol), respectively. At a binding affinity of −8.8kcal/mol, the compound C15 exhibits the highest binding affinity for Mpro. The compounds interacted with the LEU A:271, LEU A:287, ASP A:289, and LEU A:272 of Mpro and the HIS A:540, PRO A:415, PHE A:486, and LEU A:370 of the Spro receptor binding motif and some active site amino acids of RdRp. The compounds also possess a favourable ADMET profile and showed no tendency towards hERG inhibition, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or drug-liver injury. 
  • 870
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Oligosaccharides in Post-COVID-19 Management
Oligosaccharides are short chains of carbohydrates composed of 2–20 monosaccharide units. They are present in a wide range of natural resources such as marine algae, plants, fruits, vegetables, and grains and can also be obtained through hydrolysis of polysaccharides.
  • 869
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Avian Influenza A Virus
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) infections with H5N1- and H9N2-strains and co-infections with both subtypes have been frequently reported in field samples from poultry, but genetic reassortment between both subtypes has not been reported yet. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic compatibility and the replication efficiency of H5N1 reassortants of recently circulating H5N1 and H9N2 in Egypt (H5N1-EGY and H9N2-EGY). We show that the replication efficiencies of H5N1-EGY reassortants expressing PB2 and PA polymerase subunits of H9N2-EGY, H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY and H5N1PA-H9N2EGY, were higher than the wildtype H5N1-EGY in mammalian cells, but comparable to the positive H5N1 control comprising the 6 human-adapted/H9N2 derived internal proteins-encoding segments of human H7N9 (H5N1-6H7N9Anhui), at 37°C. By propagating both H5N1 reassortants on mammalian cell cultures at 33°C and 39°C, both viruses replicated to higher levels than the parental H5N1-EGY, but comparable to the control H5N1-6H7N9Anhui, at both temperatures. This may confirm that the emergence of H5N1 reassortants with internal proteins-encoding segments from cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle and may be potentiated by improved replication fitness of these reassortants. The eventual spread of these reassortants would negatively augment the zoonotic potential of H5N1 viruses in nature.
  • 867
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
HIV-1 in Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly compartmentalized and serves as a specific site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, an understanding of the cellular populations that are infected by HIV or that harbor latent HIV proviruses is imperative in the attempts to address cure strategies, taking into account that HIV infection and latency in the CNS may differ considerably from those in the periphery. HIV replication in the CNS is reported to persist despite prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy due to the inability of the antiretroviral drugs to penetrate and cross the blood–brain barrier.
  • 866
  • 06 Feb 2023
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