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Topic Review
Omicron Variant
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the novel Omicron variant in November 2021 has created chaos around the world.
  • 874
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Strategies to Manage an Outbreak for Avian Influenza
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for disease control and outbreak eradication. AI is caused by an RNA virus part of the Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A is capable of infecting birds. AI pathogenicity is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus has a low mortality rate and ability to infect, whereas the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus can cross respiratory and intestinal barriers, diffuse to the blood, damage all tissues of the bird, and has a high mortality rate.
  • 873
  • 26 Apr 2023
Biography
Elsayed Elsayed Wagih
Elasayed Elsayed Wagih PhD, DIC, CIDTT (born 21 November 1946) is an Egyptian Professor of Virology and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab Society for Biotechnology. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. Wagih is well known for having invented Zymoblot, the fastest available microtechnique to detect gene expression and/or enzyme activity in any biological specimen as well as the ”Mirror
  • 872
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HCV and Host Lipids
Lipids and lipoproteins constitute indispensable components for living not only for humans. In the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the option of using the products of our lipid metabolism is “to be, or not to be”. On the other hand, HCV infection, which is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, exerts a profound influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the host. 
  • 867
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection causes progressive liver damage, although about 20% of patients develop extrahepatic manifestations such as cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV). Clinical manifestations range from mild to moderate (purpura, asthenia, arthralgia) to severe (leg ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Treatment is based on persistent viral clearance.
  • 866
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Delta and Lambda Variants of SARS-CoV-2
The high transmissibility of Delta and Lambda variants has raised the need to determine the reason for the infectivity of these variants. Since the Delta variant first emerged in India in June 2020, the global incidence of the Delta variant has made it a VOC. The Delta variant is 60% more infectious than the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, Lambda, a VOI, was first reported in Peru in December, 2020 and currently, its diverse mutations and increased frequency in over 29 countries has raised more attention.
  • 865
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins
An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) first detected in Wuhan, China, has created a public health emergency all over the world. The pandemic has caused more than 340 million confirmed cases and 5.57 million deaths as of 23 January 2022. Although carbohydrates have been found to play a role in coronavirus binding and infection, the role of cell surface glycans in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis is still not understood.
  • 865
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
HIV-1 in Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly compartmentalized and serves as a specific site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, an understanding of the cellular populations that are infected by HIV or that harbor latent HIV proviruses is imperative in the attempts to address cure strategies, taking into account that HIV infection and latency in the CNS may differ considerably from those in the periphery. HIV replication in the CNS is reported to persist despite prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy due to the inability of the antiretroviral drugs to penetrate and cross the blood–brain barrier.
  • 864
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Virus Processing
The main idea behind viral processing is to stop the viruses in a given sample from contaminating the desired product. The two most widely used methods of viral processing are viral removal and viral inactivation. The former is a method in which all viruses are simply removed from the sample completely. The latter method is one in which the viruses may remain in the final product, but in a non-infective form. These techniques are used widely in the food and blood plasma industries, as those products can be harmed by the presence of viral particles. Some of the more common viruses removed by these methods are the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses; hepatitis A, B, and C; and parvoviruses. The methods used in the plasma industry have been summarized (Horowitz B., Minor P., Morgenthaler J. J., Burnouf T., McIntosh R., Padilla A., Thorpe R. and van Aken W. G. Who Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 924: 1-232, 2004.) In some cases, however, it is the virus itself that is the desired product, as is often the case with the HIV. In many cases, researchers may be trying to extract the viruses from the blood for study, not specifically for blood purification. It is also common to use these types of techniques to remove particles produced as a result of viral infection.
  • 861
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Zika Virus Non-Structural Protein 1
Infection with Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, typically results in mild self-limited illness, but severe neurological disease occurs in a limited subset of patients.
  • 858
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Peptides in COVID-19 Clinical Trials
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a strong drive and desire to find effective treatments for and protection against the disease. On the webpage ClinicalTrials.gov, a total of 6505 clinical trials currently (September 2021) investigating various aspects of COVID-19 are registered. Of these, 124 studies involving peptides were identified. These 124 were further evaluated, and 88 trials that used peptides only for routine diagnostics were excluded. The remaining 36 trials were classified into 5 different classes according to their function: immunomodulatory (5 trials), regain homeostasis (10 trials), diagnostics/biomarkers (8 trials), vaccination (9 trials), and antiviral activity (4 trials, all overlap with immunomodulatory activities). In the current review, these 36 trials are briefly described and tabularly summarised. According to the estimated finish date, 14 trials have not yet finished. All of the finished trials are yet to report their results. Seven trials were based in the USA, and Egypt, France, the UK, Turkey, and the Russian Federation conducted three trials each. This review aims to present a snapshot of the current situation of peptides in COVID-19 clinical trials and provides a template to follow up on trials of interest; it does not claim to be a complete overview.
  • 858
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Avian Influenza A Virus
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) infections with H5N1- and H9N2-strains and co-infections with both subtypes have been frequently reported in field samples from poultry, but genetic reassortment between both subtypes has not been reported yet. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic compatibility and the replication efficiency of H5N1 reassortants of recently circulating H5N1 and H9N2 in Egypt (H5N1-EGY and H9N2-EGY). We show that the replication efficiencies of H5N1-EGY reassortants expressing PB2 and PA polymerase subunits of H9N2-EGY, H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY and H5N1PA-H9N2EGY, were higher than the wildtype H5N1-EGY in mammalian cells, but comparable to the positive H5N1 control comprising the 6 human-adapted/H9N2 derived internal proteins-encoding segments of human H7N9 (H5N1-6H7N9Anhui), at 37°C. By propagating both H5N1 reassortants on mammalian cell cultures at 33°C and 39°C, both viruses replicated to higher levels than the parental H5N1-EGY, but comparable to the control H5N1-6H7N9Anhui, at both temperatures. This may confirm that the emergence of H5N1 reassortants with internal proteins-encoding segments from cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle and may be potentiated by improved replication fitness of these reassortants. The eventual spread of these reassortants would negatively augment the zoonotic potential of H5N1 viruses in nature.
  • 857
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses
Oncolytic viruses can activate innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are capable of targeting both cancer cells and viruses, it is very important to keep a balance between viral immunogenicity and anticancer immunity.
  • 857
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HCV E1E2 Heterodimer
The envelope of HCV contains two glycoproteins, E1 and E2, that are membrane-anchored via their transmembrane domains and heterodimerize as the E1E2 complex, which in turn further multimerizes to form a trimer of heterodimers on the surface of the virion. The E1E2 complex governs viral entry and is the primary target of protective antibodies.
  • 854
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Problems in COVID-19 Patients
The gastrointestinal tract is the body’s largest interface between the host and the external environment. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk of microbiome alterations and severe diseases. Recent evidence has suggested that the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with gastrointestinal complicity in SARS-CoV-2 infection could be explained by the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) cell receptors.
  • 851
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin C Intervention for Critical COVID-19
Coronaviruses are single-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses comprising a lipid bilayer containing crown-like spikes (Latin, Corona = Crown) on their outer surface.
  • 851
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Iran
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) have global public health implications to both humans and animals, making it a One Health priority concern. Ongoing climatic change creates favourable conditions for the emergence of exotic MBDs in previously disease-free areas. 
  • 849
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
HTLV-1 Tax Structure Models
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus responsible for leukaemia in 5 to 10% of infected individuals. Among the viral proteins, Tax has been described as directly involved in virus-induced leukemogenesis. Tax is therefore an interesting therapeutic target. However, its 3D structure is still unknown and this hampers the development of drug-design-based therapeutic strategies. Several algorithms are available that can be used to predict the structure of proteins, particularly with the recent appearance of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven pipelines. However, Tax seems to be resistant to such predictions.
  • 849
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Porcine Circovirus Type 2
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of a wasting disease in weanling piglets, has periodically evolved into several new subtypes since its discovery, indicating that the efficacy of current vaccines can be improved. Although a DNA virus, the mutation rates of PCV2 resemble RNA viruses. By mutating selected serine and leucine codons to increase the probability that they would change to stop codons during replication, rapid attenuation of the vaccine construct was achieved. In a weanling piglet model, the suicidal vaccine was highly effective and safe, providing proof of concept for a novel rapid attenuation approach that is broadly applicable to newly emerging RNA and DNA viruses.
  • 847
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
NcRNAs and extracellular vesicles Interactions
Intercellular communication occurring by cell-to-cell contacts and via secreted messengers trafficked through extracellular vehicles is critical for regulating biological functions of multicellular organisms. Recent research has revealed that non-coding RNAs can be found in extracellular vesicles consistent with a functional importance of these molecular vehicles in virus propagation and suggesting that these essential membrane-bound bodies can be highjacked by viruses to promote disease pathogenesis. Newly emerging evidence that coronaviruses generate non-coding RNAs and use extracellular vesicles to facilitate viral pathogenicity may have important implications for the development of effective strategies to combat COVID-19, a disease caused by infection with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.
  • 845
  • 12 Nov 2020
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