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Topic Review
Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Bioactive Metabolites
Marine algae are considered to be a potential source of some unique metabolites with diverse health benefits. The pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance and anti-amyloidogenic potentials of algal metabolites endorse their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis which are known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and the associated complications after cerebral ischemia and brain injuries. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Biography
Paolo Mantegazza
Paolo Mantegazza (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpaːolo manteˈɡattsa]; 31 October 1831 – 28 August 1910) was an Italian neurologist, physiologist, and anthropologist, noted for his experimental investigation of coca leaves into its effects on the human psyche. He was also an author of fiction. Mantegazza was born in Monza on 31 October 1831. After spending his student-days at the universitie
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases
It is well known the connection between the eye and the brain due to the optic nerve, so that, the retina is considered the window of the brain. Therefore the interconnection between neurodegenerative ocular diseases [i.e. glaucoma, Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa] and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) (i.e. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease) are also defined.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Implications
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection’s main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions’ disorders. Due to the neurological symptoms associated to COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Evaluation in Model Mice
Olfactory dysfunction occurs in a variety of diseases, including COVID-19, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. This topic summarizes commonly used olfactory behavioral methods from the AD perspective.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Roles of Neuropeptides in Sleep–Wake Regulation
Sleep and wakefulness are basic behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions, and they involve multiple neurochemical systems, including neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are a group of peptides produced by neurons and neuroendocrine cells of the central nervous system. Like traditional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides can bind to specific surface receptors and subsequently regulate neuronal activities. For example, orexin is a crucial component for the maintenance of wakefulness and the suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In addition to orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and galanin may promote REM sleep. These results suggest that neuropeptides play an important role in sleep–wake regulation. These neuropeptides can be divided into three categories according to their effects on sleep–wake behaviors in rodents and humans. (i) Galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are sleep-promoting peptides. It is also noticeable that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide particularly increases REM sleep. (ii) Orexin and neuropeptide S have been shown to induce wakefulness. (iii) Neuropeptide Y and substance P may have a bidirectional function as they can produce both arousal and sleep-inducing effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Signal Transduction Pathways of Glioblastoma Stem Cells
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are a unique population of tumor cells that contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These stem cells are capable of self-renewal and proliferation. The contributions of GSCs to tumor pathogenesis are mediated by a diverse repertoire of signaling pathways that influence GSC function and stemness. Molecules in these pathways may serve as the basis of anti-GSC targets. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents most of the dementia cases and stands as the most common neurodegenerative disease. A shift from a curative to a preventive approach is imminent, and we are moving towards the application of personalized medicine, whereas we can shape the best clinical intervention for each patient at a given point. This new step in medicine requires the most recent tools and the analysis of huge amounts of data where the application of artificial intelligence (AI) plays a critical part in the depiction of disease-patient dynamics, critical to reach early/optimal diagnosis, monitoring and intervention. Predictive models and algorithms are the key elements in this innovative field. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Aspects of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) associated with HIV infection of the brain impacts a large proportion of people with HIV (PWH) regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the number of people with HIV (PWH) and severe NCI has dropped considerably with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the sole use of ART is not sufficient to prevent or arrest NCI in many PWH. As the HIV field continues to investigate cure strategies, adjunctive therapies are greatly needed. HIV imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological studies point to the presence of continual inflammation, and the presence of HIV RNA, DNA, and proteins in the brain despite ART.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Proteinopathy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from normal daily cellular metabolism. Research conducted in the last two decades has clarified the role of ROS as secondary signaling molecules that regulate various biological and physiological processes, including proliferation, host defense, and gene expression. Furthermore, earlier reports have also indicated the role of ROS as a signal transduction mechanism.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nrf2/Bach1 Signaling Pathway in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although a complex interplay of multiple environmental and genetic factors has been implicated, the etiology of neuronal death in PD remains unresolved. Various mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD have been proposed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, α-synuclein proteostasis, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and other cell death pathways. While many drugs individually targeting these pathways have shown promise in preclinical PD models, this promise has not yet translated into neuroprotective therapies in human PD. This has consequently spurred efforts to identify alternative targets with multipronged therapeutic approaches. A promising therapeutic target that could modulate multiple etiological pathways involves drug-induced activation of a coordinated genetic program regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 regulates the transcription of over 250 genes, creating a multifaceted network that integrates cellular activities by expressing cytoprotective genes, promoting the resolution of inflammation, restoring redox and protein homeostasis, stimulating energy metabolism, and facilitating repair. Researchers propose that the transcriptional repressor of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1), which antagonizes Nrf2, could serve as a promising complementary target for the activation of both Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent neuroprotective pathways. Here this entry present the knowledge on the Nrf2/Bach1 signaling pathway, its role in various cellular processes, and the benefits of simultaneously inhibiting Bach1 and stabilizing Nrf2 using non-electrophilic small molecules as a novel therapeutic approach for PD.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cannabidiol as an OX1R Antagonist
The potential, multifaceted therapeutic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, covers a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, ranging from anxiety to pediatric epilepsy and drug addiction. However, the molecular targets responsible for these effects have been only partially identified. In this view, the involvement of the orexin system, the key regulator in arousal and the sleep/wake cycle, and in motivation and reward processes, including drug addiction, prompted us to explore, using computational and experimental approaches, the possibility that CBD could act as a ligand of orexin receptors, orexin 1 receptor of type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Ligand-binding assays showed that CBD is a selective ligand of OX1R in the low micromolar range (Ki 1.58 ± 0.2 μM) while in vitro functional assays, carried out by intracellular calcium imaging and mobilization assays, showed that CBD acts as an antagonist at this receptor. Finally, the putative binding mode of CBD has been inferred by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and its selectivity toward the OX1R subtype rationalized at the molecular level. This study provides the first evidence that CBD acts as an OX1R antagonist, supporting its potential use in addictive disorders and/or body weight regulation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Alzheimer’s Disease
The recent growth of open data-sharing initiatives collecting lifestyle, clinical, and biological data from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has provided a potentially unlimited amount of information about the disease, far exceeding the human ability to make sense of it. Integrating Big Data from multi-omics studies provides the potential to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of the entire biological continuum of AD. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a wide variety of methods to analyze large and complex data in order to improve knowledge in the AD field.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Snake Venom Neurotoxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
The venom derived from various sources of snakes represents a vast collection of predominantly protein-based toxins that exhibit a wide range of biological actions, including but not limited to inflammation, pain, cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The venom of a particular snake species is composed of several toxins, while the venoms of around 600 venomous snake species collectively encompass a substantial reservoir of pharmacologically intriguing compounds. Findings have demonstrated the potential application of neurotoxins derived from snake venom in selectively targeting voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). These neurotoxins include bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-Kunitz polypeptides, phospholipas A2 (PLA2) neurotoxins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), serine proteases (SVSPs), and various others.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Expression and Epigenetics of Genes for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by a triad of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) related to loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Diagnosis is often made after a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, and while dopamine replacement therapies improve symptoms, they do not modify the course of the disease. Although some biological mechanisms involved in the disease have been identified, such as oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, they do not explain entirely PD pathophysiology, and a need for a better understanding remains. Neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, appear to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may be involved in sporadic PD.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Apolipoprotein D in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDs) are a diverse group of pathologies, including schizophrenia or bipolar disorders, that directly affect the mental and physical health of those who suffer from them, with an incidence that is increasing worldwide. Most NDs result from a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors such as stress or traumatic events, including the recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rapid Eye Movements Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sleep parasomnias have drawn the interest of sleep experts because they represent a valuable window to directly monitor dream activity and sleep mentation associated with nocturnal events. Indeed, parasomnias and their manifestations are helpful in investigating dream activity and features, overcoming methodological limits that affect dream study. Specifically, REM sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by enacted dream episodes during Rapid Eye Movements (REM) sleep, caused by the loss of physiological atonia. Patients suffering from RBD report a peculiar oneiric activity associated with motor episodes characterized by high Dream Recall Frequency (DRF) and vivid dreams. Additionally, isolated RBD (iRBD) represents a prodromal stage of neurodegeneration preceding the development of α-synucleinopathies.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alpha2 Adrenoreceptors in Relation to Spike-wave Epileptic Activity
Spike-wave discharges are the hallmark of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. They are caused by a disorder in the thalamocortical network. Commercially available anti-epileptic drugs have pronounced side effects (i.e., sedation and gastroenterological concerns), which might result from a low selectivity to molecular targets. We suggest a specific subtype of adrenergic receptors (ARs) as a promising anti-epileptic molecular target. The influence of alpha2 ARs is mainly carried out through Gi/o-proteins although coupling to Gs was also demonstrated. Thus, activation of alpha2 ARs can either inhibit or stimulate different intracellular pathways. Numerous neuronal proteins interacting directly or indirectly with alpha2 ARs have been described. Here we describe some mechanisms of noradrenergic modulation of spike-wave activity via ion channels and integral membrane proteins.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dyslexia Research
Dyslexia is a neurological symptom wherein an individual experiences difficulty reading. The neurological nature and underlying causes of dyslexia are an active area of research, and the distinction of dyslexia as a condition is a topic of some controversy.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin Scaffold as a Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which is caused by multi-factors and characterized by two histopathological hallmarks: amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Tau proteins. Thus, researchers have been devoting tremendous efforts to developing and designing new molecules for the early diagnosis of AD and curative purposes. Curcumin and its scaffold have fluorescent and photochemical properties. Mounting evidence showed that curcumin scaffold had neuroprotective effects on AD such as anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and metal chelating.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
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