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Topic Review
Plasminogen Activation System in Platelet Pathophysiology
Traditionally, platelets have been exclusively considered for their procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects during normal activation of hemostasis. Effectively, activated platelets secrete coagulation factors, expose phosphatidylserine, and promote thrombin and fibrin production. In addition to procoagulant activities, platelets confer resistance of thrombi to fibrinolysis by inducing clot retraction of the fibrin network and release of huge amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which is the major physiologic inhibitor of the fibrinolytic cascade. However, the discovery of multiple relations with the fibrinolytic system, also termed Plasminogen Activation System (PAS), has introduced new perspectives on the platelet role in fibrinolysis. Indeed, the activated membrane surface of platelets provides binding sites on which fibrinolytic enzymes can be activated.
  • 891
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Vaccines
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector for vaccine development. MVA is well studied and has been widely used for vaccination against smallpox in Germany. 
  • 891
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cosmetic Pretreatment Techniques
The diversity of cosmetic matrices requires appropriate pretreatment methods. For emulsified cosmetics rich in emulsifiers and thickeners, techniques such as field-assisted extraction, which utilizes oscillation or microwave-assisted heating, and supercritical fluid extraction, often with CO2, are preferred. Conversely, liquid cosmetics with simpler matrices benefit from phase separation techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction. Aqueous extraction is ideal for products rich in polar compounds, while headspace analysis is best suited for isolating volatile constituents.
  • 891
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Heterogeneity Sources in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a slowly progressing disease, beginning with isolated liver steatosis that evolves in a subset of patients to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It was recently proposed to redefine NAFLD to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in which other known causes of liver disease such as alcohol consumption or viral hepatitis do not need to be excluded. Revised nomenclature envisions speeding up and facilitating anti-MAFLD drug development by means of patient stratification whereby each subgroup would benefit from distinct pharmacological interventions. 
  • 890
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Prevalence in Sphingolipid Storage Disorders
Sphingolipidoses are a subgroup of rare inherited disorders of lipid metabolism, most often due to a lysosomal enzymatic defect affecting sphingolipid catabolism. They are characterized by the accumulation of sphingolipids and their deacylated derivatives, called lysosphingolipids.
  • 888
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tissue Adhesives in Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery
Tissue adhesives have been successfully used in various kinds in the surgical field and especially in oral and maxillofacial surgery for some time. They serve as a substitute for suturing of tissues and shorten treatment time. Besides synthetic-based adhesives, a number of biological-based formulations are finding their way into research and clinical application. In natural adhesives, proteins play a crucial role, mediating adhesion and cohesion at the same time. Silk fibroin, as a natural biomaterial, represents an interesting alternative to conventional medical adhesives.
  • 884
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gut Dysbiosis and Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a multifactorial disease and one of the complications of diabetes. The global burden of DFU in the health sector is increasing at a tremendous rate due to its cost management related to hospitalization, medical costs and foot amputation. Hence, to manage DFU/DWs, various attempts have been made, including treating wounds systematically/topically using synthetic drugs, herbal drugs, or tissue engineering based surgical dressings. However, less attention has been paid to the intrinsic factors that are also the leading cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. One such factor is gut dysbiosis, which is one of the major causes of enhancing the counts of Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides, which are a major contributing factor toward insulin resistance and inflammation due to the generation of oxidative stress and immunopathy.
  • 883
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Astrocyte Mitochondrial Melatonergic Pathway in Depression Pathophysiology
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been conceptualized in a wide array of diverse frames of reference over the millennia, including cognitive, psychoanalytic and biological, with a wide array of treatments thereby derived, usually with little more efficacy than placebo. The clinical relevance of this is highlighted by the data showing the high lifetime prevalence of MDD (15–40%), especially as fewer than 50% of MDD patients show full remission from management with current antidepressants. This is further confounded by the data indicating that over 30% of MDD patients show no treatment response, often classed as suffering from treatment-resistant depression. This can have dire consequences given the percentages of people with severe MDD across all age groups that attempt or commit suicide. Here, wide bodies of previously disparate data on MDD pathophysiology are integrated, indicating a significant role for systemic processes, including the gut microbiome/permeability, immunity and platelets, in driving alterations in astrocyte mitochondrial function, leading to changes in neuronal activity, transmitter release and inter-area neuronal communication. Alterations in the interactions of the gut microbiome and amygdala in driving changes in affective regulation of patterned neuronal activity are an important aspect of MDD pathophysiology, with many of these changes arising from alterations in astrocyte mitochondrial function, including from intercellular and systemic processes driving changes in the astrocyte mitochondrial melatonergic pathway. This has significant future research and treatment implications for this common, but still poorly conceptualized condition, with pathophysiological implications as to how MDD interacts with a host of other medical conditions.  
  • 883
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Postpartum Depression
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder that impairs the formation of the relationship between mother and child, and reduces the quality of life for affected women to a functionally significant degree. Studying markers associated with PPD can help in early detection, prevention, or monitoring treatment. 
  • 883
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Common Pathways of Apoptotic Cell Death
The common signaling pathways of apoptotic cell death, antiapoptotic pathways, non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms (autophagic, necrotic, and other), signaling pathways involved in the death of drug-sensitive and -resistant tumor cells (with emphasis on c-Jun/activator protein 1 and crosstalk with mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways), and therapeutic implications of the modification of signaling pathways leading to cell death (with emphasis on cell death-related gene targeting, interactions of drug resistance factors in drug-resistant cells, and the unfolded protein response pathway). 
  • 883
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Simple Models of Pulmonary Artifacts
Nowadays, the diagnostic value of the artefactual information provided by lung ultrasound images is widely recognized by physicians. In particular, the existence of a correlation between the visual characteristics of the vertical artifacts, which arise from the pleura line, and the genesis (pneumogenic or cardiogenic) of a pulmonary disorder is commonly accepted. However, the link between these visual characteristics and the causes which determine them is still unclear. In order to derive further information from the visual inspection of the vertical artifacts the mechanisms which control the artifact formation must be identified. The link between the visual characteristics of the vertical artifacts (the observed effect) and the distribution of the aerated spaces at the pleural level (the cause) must be addressed. Plausible mechanisms should be illustrated through experimental results and through the theoretical analysis of simple models.
  • 882
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Gan-Mai-Da-Zao and Depression in Rat Models
Gan-Mai-Da-Zao (GMDZ) is a well-known product in Chinese traditional medicine and includes three major plants: blighted wheat (Fu Mai), licorice (Gan Cao), and jujube (Da Zao). GMDZ is widely used as an efficacious and well-tolerated prescription for depression in clinics. 
  • 882
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Oral Therapeutics
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various sources, including edible plants, milk, bacteria and mammalian cells, have emerged as a platform for miRNA and drug delivery that seem to induce the expected immune effects locally and in distant tissues after oral administration. Such a possibility greatly expands the clinical applicability of EVs. Much focuses are on the EVs from edible plants and bacteria. Growing evidence has suggested possible therapeutic applications for nanoparticles derived from edible plants, especially when administered orally to induce immunomodulation. And it was emphasized that the important immunomodulatory impact of microbiota may also be mediated by microbial EVs, formerly called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).
  • 882
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Selected African Medicinal Plants against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance is considered a “One-Health” problem, impacting humans, animals, and the environment. The problem of the rapid development and spread of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics is a rising global health threat affecting both rich and poor nations. Low- and middle-income countries are at highest risk, in part due to the lack of innovative research on the surveillance and discovery of novel therapeutic options. Fast and effective drug discovery is crucial towards combatting antimicrobial resistance and reducing the burden of infectious diseases. African medicinal plants have been used for millennia in folk medicine to cure many diseases and ailments. Over 10% of the Southern African vegetation is applied in traditional medicine, with over 15 species being partially or fully commercialized. These include the genera Euclea, Ficus, Aloe, Lippia. And Artemisia, amongst many others. Bioactive compounds from indigenous medicinal plants, alone or in combination with existing antimicrobials, offer promising solutions towards overcoming multi-drug resistance. Secondary metabolites have different mechanisms and modes of action against bacteria, such as the inhibition and disruption of cell wall synthesis; inhibition of DNA replication and ATP synthesis; inhibition of quorum sensing; inhibition of AHL or oligopeptide signal generation, broadcasting, and reception; inhibition of the formation of biofilm; disruption of pathogenicity activities; and generation of reactive oxygen species.
  • 881
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cyclotide Scaffold for Targeting Biomolecular Interactions
The selective disruption of protein–protein interactions remains challenging, as the interacting surfaces are relatively large and flat. However, highly constrained polypeptide-based molecular frameworks with cell-permeability properties, such as the cyclotide scaffold, have shown great promise for targeting those biomolecular interactions. 
  • 879
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Microsensors for Ascorbic Acid Determination
Micro-sized sensors have become a hot topic in electroanalysis. Because of their excellent analytical features, microelectrodes are well-accepted tools for clinical, pharmaceutical, food safety, and environmental applications. Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring water-soluble organic compound with antioxidant properties and its quantitative determination in biological fluids, foods, cosmetics, etc. using electrochemical microsensors is of wide interest. Various electrochemical techniques have been applied to detect ascorbic acid with extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and reliability, and apply to in vivo measurements.
  • 876
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Somatic Dysfunction Assessment and Treatment in Osteopathic Research
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a patient-centred, whole-body intervention aimed at enhance the person’s self-regulation. OMT interventions are focused on somatic dysfunctions (SD) that can be defined as an altered regulative function associated with inflammatory signs palpable in the body framework in different body regions. 
  • 872
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3′- and 17′-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues.
  • 872
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
General Characteristics and Nephroprotective Properties of Salvia Genus
The study of medicinal plants is important, as they are the natural reserve of potent biologically active compounds. With wide use in traditional medicine and the inclusion of several species (as parts and as a whole plant) in pharmacopeia, species from the genus Salvia L. are known for the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Studies suggest that these plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, cognitive and memory-enhancing effects. Phenolic acids, terpenoids and flavonoids are important phytochemicals, which are primarily responsible for the medicinal activity of Salvia L.
  • 868
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Adropin in Health and Disease
Adropin is a novel 76-amino acid-peptide that is expressed in different tissues and cells including the liver, pancreas, heart and vascular tissues, kidney, milk, serum, plasma and many parts of the brain. Adropin, encoded by the Enho gene, plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Therapeutic peptides show great potential in the treatment of many diseases.
  • 868
  • 24 Aug 2023
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