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Topic Review
Approaches to Overcoming Existing Barriers of Curcumin
Turmeric contains curcumin, a naturally occurring compound with noted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may help fight cancer. Curcumin is readily available, nontoxic, and inexpensive. At high doses, it has minimal side effects, suggesting it is safe for human use. However, curcumin has extremely poor bioavailability and biodistribution, which further hamper its clinical applications. It is commonly administered through oral and transdermal routes in different forms, where the particle size is one of the most common barriers that decreases its absorption through biological membranes on the targeted sites and limits its clinical effectiveness.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Promoting Drug Permeation
Chitosan is the product of N-deacetylation of chitin. Due to the simultaneous presence of amino, acetamido, and hydroxyl groups in the molecule, chitosan is quite active in nature and can be modified, activated, and coupled, showing rich functionality and modifiability in biological applications. As the only polycationic polymer of natural origin, chitosan is capable of interacting with negatively charged cell membranes to assist the loading of drugs across the cell membrane.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Peroxidase Mimetic Nanozymes in Cancer
Peroxidase (POD) mimetic nanozymes converts endogenous H2O2 to water (H2O) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment is a fascinating approach.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Alumina Nanocomposite
Although pure titanium and titanium alloys are highly biosafe, there are many reports of patients with metal allergies caused by titanium. In addition, it was used as a prosthesis in the oral cavity, such as the black triangle in which the gingiva turns black due to the gradual elution and deposition of metal ions in the titanium alloy, and the black margin generated when the gingiva lowers and the metal part is exposed. In some cases, there are also aesthetic issues.Zirconia is attracting attention as an alternative material to such problems. Zirconia is excellent in aesthetics and biosafety, and with the progress of CAD / CAM technology, its application in various applications has begun, and yttria-stable zirconia has already been put into practical use as a dental implant.However, yttria-stabilized zirconia, which is generally used as dental ceramics, is more brittle than metals such as titanium and has less bending properties, so there is a risk of breakage. Although yttria-stable zirconia is harder than metal, it is brittle once it is distorted, and it is a technical issue that the strength decreases when low-temperature deterioration occurs due to phase transition due to long-term use in a wet state such as in the oral cavity.On the other hand, ceria-stable zirconia-alumina composite ceramics have the same hardness as yttria-stable zirconia, and also have extremely excellent toughness, eliminating the weaknesses of ceramics such as brittleness and low-temperature deterioration in wet conditions. It is attracting attention as a ceramic.This ceramic has a nano-composite structure in which nano-sized alumina particles are incorporated into ceria-stable zirconia particles, and nano-sized ceria-stable zirconia particles are inter-dispersed in the alumina particles. , Nano zirconia). Nano zirconia has a high bending strength equivalent to that of general zirconia, and has a very high fracture toughness of 3 to 5 times that of general zirconia. Due to its high toughness as well as its strength, it is expected to be used in implan.However, nanozirconia is inferior in bone formation after implant placement compared to titanium, so surface modification is required for application as a medical device. So far, surface modification of nanozirconia has been investigated by concentrated alkali treatment, etc., but it is equivalent to titanium or titanium alloy, although it has a certain effect on the initial attachment of bone marrow cells or the induction of differentiation into hard tissue. Biocompatibility has not been achieved.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials as Nanofertilizers
Nanotechnology is critically dependent on the usage of biosynthetic or “green” technologies, which are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and produce minimal contamination.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Thiolated-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Thiomers (or thiolated polymers) have broken through as avant-garde approaches in anticancer therapy. Their distinguished reactivity and properties, closely linked to their final applications, justify the extensive research conducted on their preparation and use as smart drug-delivery systems (DDSs).
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Biomimetically Mineralized Composite Materials
Chitosan-Based Biomimetically Mineralized Composite Materials is a kind of  organic-inorganic composite materials fabricated by biomimetic mineralization technology using chitosan as a organic scaffold or template.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Applications of Polysaccharide Stalks in Didymosphenia geminata Diatom
Didymosphenia geminata is a species of freshwater diatom that is known as invasive and is propagating quickly around the world. The polysaccharide-based stalks of D. geminata enable versatile potential applications and use as a biopolymer, in drug delivery and wound healing, and as biocompatible scaffolding in cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, the polysaccharide nature of stalks and their metal-adsorption capacity allow them to have excellent wastewater remediation potential.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diatom-Derived Silica for Biomedical Applications
Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic microalgae widely distributed in aquatic environments, possessing a porous silica cell wall known as frustule. Diatom frustules are considered as a sustainable source for several industrial applications because of their high biocompatibility and the easiness of surface functionalisation, which make frustules suitable for regenerative medicine and as drug carriers. Frustules are made of hydrated silica, and can be extracted and purified both from living and fossil diatoms using acid treatments or high temperatures. Biosilica frustules have proved to be suitable for biomedical applications, but, unfortunately, they are not officially recognised as safe by governmental food and medical agencies yet.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Corrosion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
The orthodontic supply market is a prosperous billion-dollar industry, driven by an increasing demand for orthodontic appliances. The supremacy of metallic first-generation biomaterials is evident for manufacturing brackets, archwires, bands, and other components due to their well-recognized chemical inertness, spontaneous passivation, biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties combination. However, the oral cavity is the ultimate corrosion-promoting environment for any metallic material.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers
Polyelectrolyte multilayers are thin organic films obtained by self-assembly of PEs with other charged/uncharged (macro)molecules using an LbL method. The physical and chemical architecture of PEMs can be determined from the nanoscopic level to the macroscopic level. Both weak and strong PEs can participate in the formation of multilayers together with other low molecular or macromolecular compounds (charged or uncharged), the properties of the obtained materials being dependent on the nature and characteristics of the partners involved in the deposition process.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nano-Biomaterials for Retinal Regeneration
Nanoscience and nanotechnology have revolutionized key areas of environmental sciences, including biological and physical sciences. Nanoscience is useful in interconnecting these sciences to find new hybrid avenues targeted at improving daily life. Pharmaceuticals, regenerative medicine, and stem cell research are among the prominent segments of biological sciences that will be improved by nanostructure innovations. Nanoparticles, nanowires, hybrid nanostructures, and nanoscaffolds, that have been useful in mice for ocular tissue engineering and regeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Metabolite-Based Hydrogels
Minimalistic peptide- and metabolite-based supramolecular hydrogels have great potential relative to traditional polymeric hydrogels in various biomedical and technological applications. Advantages such as remarkable biodegradability, high water content, favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, self-healing, synthetic feasibility, low cost, easy design, biological function, remarkable injectability, and multi-responsiveness to external stimuli make supramolecular hydrogels promising candidates for drug delivery, tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and π–π stacking interactions play key roles in the formation of peptide- and metabolite-containing low-molecular-weight hydrogels. Peptide- and metabolite-based hydrogels display shear-thinning and immediate recovery behavior due to the involvement of weak non-covalent interactions, making them supreme models for the delivery of drug molecules. In the areas of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, pre-clinical evaluation, and numerous other biomedical applications, peptide- and metabolite-based hydrogelators with rationally designed architectures have intriguing uses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Regenerative Medicine
The use of biological templates for the suitable growth of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) and “neo-tissue” construction has exponentially increased over the last years. The bioengineered scaffolds still have a prominent and biocompatible framework playing a role in tissue regeneration. In order to supply AD-MSCs, biomaterials, as the stem cell niche, are more often supplemented by or stimulate molecular signals that allow differentiation events into several strains, besides their secretion of cytokines and effects of immunomodulation. This systematic review aims to highlight the details of the integration of several types of biomaterials used in association with AD-MSCs, collecting notorious and basic data of in vitro and in vivo assays, taking into account the relevance of the interference of the cell lineage origin and handling cell line protocols for both the replacement and repairing of damaged tissues or organs in clinical application. Our group analyzed the quality and results of the 98 articles selected from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 97% of the articles retrieved demonstrated the potential in clinical applications. The synthetic polymers were the most used biomaterials associated with AD-MSCs and almost half of the selected articles were applied on bone regeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microalgae Photo-Protectants for Skin Applications
Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms known for producing valuable metabolites under different conditions such as extreme temperatures, high salinity, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet radiation. Microalgae can produce organic metabolites, such as sporopollenin, scytonemin, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)  to mention a few, and these metabolites have the purpose to protect the microalgae from ultraviolet (UV) radiation while allowing visible radiation involved in photosynthesis to pass through. This characteristic allows some microalgae to be tolerant to UV rays. The understanding of these secondary metabolites produced by algae has led to the creation of promising industrially relevant compounds. The growing concern regarding the ecologically and dermatologically noxious implications of current sun protectants has brought with it the need for a safer alternative. MAAs are the most studied photo-protectant in marine organisms due to their relevance. They are abundant in various aquatic and terrestrial environments and are known for being eco-sustainable compounds since they are the outcome of the evolution of algae. Unlike their synthetic counterparts used unconventional sunscreens, there are no possibilities for pollution caused by them. Thus, algal metabolites shape the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nucleation and Growth of Biominerals
Biominerals are extraordinary materials that provide organisms with a variety of functions to support life. The synthesis of biominerals and organization at the macroscopic level is a consequence of the interactions of these materials with proteins. The association of biominerals and proteins is very ancient and has sparked a wealth of research across biological, medical and material sciences. Calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, and silica represent widespread natural biominerals. The atomic details of the interface between macromolecules and these biominerals is very intriguing from a chemical perspective, considering the association of chemical entities that are structurally different.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture
The process of evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs is important in the production of new drugs to treat diseases. Testing in humans is the most accurate method, but there are technical and ethical limitations. To overcome these limitations, various models have been developed in which responses to various external stimuli can be observed to help guide future trials. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has a great advantage in simulating the physical and biological functions of tissues in the human body. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Nanomolecules Interacting with Proteins
Scientists are designing new ways to combine proteins and carbon-based nanomomecules. We review strategies of selecting proteins able to interact with proteins and typical van der Waals interactions. Proteins and carbon based nanomomecules can form ordered clusters of hybrid materials and will guide new projects for bioimaging tools and tuning of intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Collagen Alignment via Electro-Compaction for Biofabrication Applications
Collagen is the most prevalent structural protein in the extracellular matrix, resulting in the biopolymer being extensively investigated for biofabrication-based applications. However, its utilisation has been impeded due to a lack of sufficient mechanical toughness and the inability of the scaffolds to mimic complex natural tissues. The anisotropic alignment of collagen has been proven to be an effective method to enhance overall mechanical properties and produce biomimetic scaffolds. The alignment of collagen can be achieved by several methods, namely, gravity and extrusion-based fluidic alignment, static magnetic alignment, magnetic-flow alignment, cell-based stress-induced self-alignment, electrospinning, and electrophoretic-based electro-compaction (EC). Each existing approach of aligning collagen is described and compared with a sharper focus on electro-compaction.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Marine Verongiid Demosponge Lanthella Basta
Marine sponges were among the first multicellular organisms on our planet and have survived to this day thanks to their unique mechanisms of chemical defense and the specific design of their skeletons, which have been optimized over millions of years of evolution to effectively inhabit the aquatic environment. Ianthella basta (Pallas, 1766) is one of the largest, fan-shaped marine demosponges that can reach up to 2.5 m both in height; and the body of which is a micro-reticular, durable structure that determines the ideal filtration function of this organism. Calcite biomineral is responsible for nano-tuning the chitinous skeletal fibers of this sponge species.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2021
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