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Topic Review
Point-Of-Care or Point-Of-Need Diagnostic Tests
In the recent years, the progress of international trade and travel has led to an increased risk of emerging infections. Around 75 percent of the pathogens causing these infections are of animal origin. Point-of-care tests (POCT) and point-of-need tests (PONT) have been established in order to directly provide accurate and rapid diagnostics at field level, the patient bed-side or at the site of outbreaks. These assays can help physicians and decision makers to take the right action without delay. Typically, POCT and PONT rely on genomic identification of pathogens or track their immunological fingerprint. Recently, protocols for metagenomic diagnostics in the field have been developed.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Solar Cells Based on PEDOT:PSS Electrodes
Solution-processed polymer solar cells (PSCs) have advantages of low cost, solution processability, light weight, and excellent flexibility. Recent progress in materials synthesis and devices engineering has boosted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction PSCs over 17%. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most promising candidates for electrodes due to its high conductivity (>4000 S/cm), excellent transmittance (>90%), intrinsically high work function (WF > 5.0 eV), and aqueous solution processability. To date, a great number of single-junction PSCs based on PEDOT:PSS electrodes have realized a PCE over 12%.
  • 4.1K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Austenite Stability
The austenite stability represents the potential of metastable austenite grains in resisting the martensitic phase transformation under an applied either thermal or mechanical driving force. 
  • 4.1K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Air Quality during Covid-19 Lockdown
Air pollution exposure is one of the greatest risks to health worldwide. It is estimated to be responsible for about 4.2 million deaths around the world every year owing to many serious diseases such as heart disease, stroke, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. The WHO guideline limits are exceeded in several areas around the world, and it is estimated that about 90% of the world’s population is exposed to high air pollution levels, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to implement severe mobility restriction measures to limit the spread of the virus. This represented a unique opportunity to study the impact of mobility on urban air quality. Several studies which have investigated the relations between the quality of the air and such containment measures have shown the significant reduction of the main pollutants in the urban environment so to encourage the adoption of new approaches for the improvement of the quality of air in the cities. The aims of this entry are both a brief analysis and a discussion of the results presented in several papers to understand the relationships between COVID-19 containment measures and air quality in urban areas.
  • 4.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Quantum Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are small carbon NPs with a size less than 10 nm having excellent conductivity, chemical stability, environmental friendliness, high photostability, broadband optical absorption, low toxicity, photobleaching resistance, high surface area, and ease of modification. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are two-dimensional nanocrystals composed of small graphene particles with lateral diameters less than 100 nm. 
  • 4.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Social Work Practice in Rural Community
Social work interventions in rural communities feature a spectrum of interventions, from supporting residents’ health and well-being to advancing rural community social development and advocating for policy improvement. In the current global context of climate change, these efforts have been conducted through three major social work practice fields (practice with clients, research, and policymaking), addressing environmental justice and sustainability in rural community development; however, there is a paucity of nuanced understanding of current rural community-driven social work interventions pertaining to climate change and its social consequences. Generally, the foundation of social work interventions associated with climate change, disasters, and other crises is understood as green social work (GSW), namely, social work practitioners are integral to enhancing local adaptation and promoting sustainability practices in the face of increasing climate-related extreme events. GSW, which forms a theoretical framework, supports the understanding of the urgent need for social work interventions to address environmental justice and sustainability in rural communities, contributing to climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction, eventually promoting building resilient and sustainable rural communities.
  • 4.1K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Digital Mental Health Amid COVID-19
Digital Mental Health is information and communication technology used in mental health services delivered or boosted through the Internet and related technologies, smartphone and wearable technologies as well as immersive solutions (e.g., Virtual Reality and video games). It is predominantly used as self-help services or with the assistance of a (para-)professional and/or artificial intelligence for the provision of mental health promotion as well as mental ill-health identification, prevention and intervention.
  • 4.1K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Zen (Microarchitecture)
Zen is the codename for a computer processor microarchitecture from AMD, and was first used with their Ryzen series of CPUs in February 2017. The first Zen-based preview system was demonstrated at E3 2016, and first substantially detailed at an event hosted a block away from the Intel Developer Forum 2016. The first Zen-based CPUs codenamed "Summit Ridge" reached the market in early March 2017, Zen-derived Epyc server processors launched in June 2017 and Zen-based APUs arrived in November 2017. Zen is a clean sheet design that differs from the long-standing Bulldozer architecture. Zen-based processors use a 14 nm FinFET process, are reportedly more energy efficient, and can execute significantly more instructions per cycle. SMT has been introduced, allowing each core to run two threads. The cache system has also been redesigned, making the L1 cache write-back. Zen processors use three different sockets: desktop and mobile Ryzen chips use the AM4 socket, bringing DDR4 support; the high-end desktop Zen-based Threadripper chips support quad-channel DDR4 RAM and offer 64 PCIe 3.0 lanes (vs 24 lanes), using the TR4 socket; and Epyc server processors offer 128 PCI 3.0 lanes and octal-channel DDR4 using the SP3 socket. But not all Socket AM4 CPUs are based on Zen microarchitecture (the 7th gen APUs and Athlon X4s are based on Excavator microarchitecture). Zen is based on a SoC design. The memory, PCIe, SATA, and USB controllers are incorporated into the same chip as the processor cores. This has advantages in bandwidth and power, at the expense of chip complexity and die area. This SoC design allows the Zen microarchitecture to scale from laptops and small-form factor mini PCs to high-end desktops and servers.
  • 4.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Volunteering
Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering is also renowned for skill development and is often intended to promote goodness or to improve human quality of life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. It is also intended to make contacts for possible employment. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imidazoline Surfactants
Imidazoline surfactants are a class of surfactants with a hydrophobic tail and an imidazoline hydrophilic head. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, and cleaning agents in a variety of applications, including personal care, industrial cleaning, and agriculture. Imidazoline surfactants are known for their stability in acidic and alkaline conditions, making them a popular choice for many industrial processes. Imidazoline surfactants are mainly the cationic surfactants that contain an imidazoline ring in their chemical structure. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and wetting agents in a variety of industrial and household applications. Imidazoline surfactants are typically synthesized by reacting a fatty acid or fatty amine with an imidazole or imidazoline compound. The resulting surfactants have a unique combination of properties, including excellent emulsification, wetting, and corrosion inhibition abilities.
  • 4.1K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Load Forecasting Models in Smart Grid
The smart grid concept is introduced to accelerate operational efficiency and enhance the reliability and sustainability of the power supply. The load forecasting technique involves estimating future loads using historical and present data. In a smart grid, the forecasting of loads is done by considering the power consumption by users and the power produced by all types of generations (renewable and non-renewable) with the help of smart energy meters.
  • 4.1K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Food–Drug Interactions with Fruit Juices
Fruit juices contain a large number of phytochemicals that, in combination with certain drugs, can cause food–drug interactions that can be clinically significant and lead to adverse events. The mechanisms behind such interactions are in most cases related to phytochemical interference with the activity of cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) or drug transporters. Moreover, alterations in their activity can have a clinical relevance if systemic exposure to the drug is decreased or increased, meaning that the pharmacological drug effects are suboptimal, or the drug will cause toxicity. In general, the common pharmacokinetic parameters found to be altered in food–drug interactions regarding fruit juices are the area under the concentration–time curve, bioavailability, and maximum plasma concentration. In most cases, the results from the drug interaction studies with fruit juices provide only limited information due to the small number of subjects, which are also healthy volunteers. Moreover, drug interactions with fruit juices are challenging to predict due to the unknown amounts of the specific phytochemicals responsible for the interaction, as well as due to the inter-individual variability of drug metabolism, among others. Therefore, this work aims to raise awareness about possible pharmacological interactions with fruit juices. 
  • 4.1K
  • 29 May 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Plants
Plant transcriptomes encompass a large number of functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), only some of which have protein-coding capacity. Since their initial discovery, ncRNAs have been classified into two broad categories based on their biogenesis and mechanisms of action, housekeeping ncRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs. With advances in RNA sequencing technology and computational methods, bioinformatics resources continue to emerge and update rapidly, including workflow for in silico ncRNA analysis, up-to-date platforms, databases, and tools dedicated to ncRNA identification and functional annotation.
  • 4.1K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vlog
A video blog or video log, sometimes shortened to vlog (/vlɒɡ/), is a form of blog for which the medium is video. Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images, and other metadata. Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts. Vlog category is popular on the video-sharing platform YouTube. In recent years, "vlogging" has spawned a large community on social media, becoming one of the most popular forms of digital entertainment. It is popularly believed that, alongside being entertaining, vlogs can deliver deep context through imagery as opposed to written blogs. Video logs (vlogs) also often take advantage of web syndication to allow for the distribution of video over the Internet using either the RSS or Atom syndication formats, for automatic aggregation and playback on mobile devices and personal computers (see video podcast).
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Magnesium and Stress
Magnesium deficiency and stress are both common conditions among the general population, which, over time, can increase the risk of health consequences.  Clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggest that stress could increase magnesium loss, causing a deficiency; and in turn, magnesium deficiency could enhance the body’s susceptibility to stress, resulting in a magnesium and stress vicious circle.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling
End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling is a process that spends energy and could be an energy source as well. This part of energy recovering depends on many different factors related to the broad and local aspects of ELV recycling. The ELV recycling process is consuming energy from different energy sources (electrical, fossil), however, this consumption is lower in relation to energy consumption during the production of new vehicle parts from the very beginning. ELVs have, in the first phase, been considered as an environmental problem, which must be solved through many decision-making approaches, directives, and standards. Accordingly, it may be concluded, that this issue is very complex since it includes a lot of relations concerning ELV recycling, as well as broad infrastructure and socio-economic environment factors. On the other hand, there is not enough relevant and reliable information related to the ELV recycling and energy recovery through ELV recycling process. This information can be obtained through user responses, financial analysis, business analysis, or some government body relevant information sources. Due to new regulations related to ELV recycling, the responsibility of manufacturers is becoming increasingly important. They are obligated to design and revise their processes and adapt them to new legislation norms.
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Synthetic Biology and Its Application in Bioremediation
Synthetic biology is a scientific field based on biology and engineering principles, with the purpose of redesigning and restructuring microorganisms to optimize or create new biological systems with enhanced features. Developing innovative, fast, safe, and cost-effective techniques for elimination of pollutants is of great importance. For this reason, the use of this discipline offers improvement of bioremediation processes. 
  • 4.1K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome Physiology
Human microbiome has not been at the center of scientific research until recent years, when the scientific approach to the gut–brain axis and its medical involvement in multiple pathologies has revealed the decisive role of the intestinal flora.
  • 4.1K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Development of Bottom-Blowing Copper Smelting Technology
Bottom-blowing copper smelting technology was initiated and developed in China in the 1990s. Injection of oxygen-enriched high-pressure gas strongly stirs the molten bath consisting of matte and slag. Rapid reaction at relatively lower temperatures and good adaptability of the feed materials are the main advantages of this technology. Development and optimisation of bottom-blowing copper smelting technology were supported by extensive studies on the thermodynamics of the slag and the fluid dynamic of the molten bath.
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Constructed Wetland Components in Wastewater Treatment
An efficient approach to treating anthropogenic discharge (e.g., wastewater, effluents from agriculture and industry, stormwater runoff) is to create a constructed wetland (CW), which simulates natural marshland or swampland. These artificial wetlands employ physical, chemical, and/or biological methods, either consecutively or concurrently, to convert and extract different contaminants from the wastewater, and as such are highly intricate systems. Different system components of CWs, such as the porous bed, plants, and microorganisms, have contribution to the removal of phenols in wastewater treatment. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
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