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Topic Review
Neuropsychological Outcomes of Children Treated for Brain Tumors
Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are the most common solid tumors diagnosed in children. CNS tumors represent the leading cause of cancer death and cancer-related morbidity for children less than 20 years of age. Neurological, cognitive, and neuropsychological deficits are the most disabling long-term effects of brain tumors in children. Childhood is a time of extreme brain sensitivity and the time of life in which most brain development occurs. Thus, the long-term toxicities that children treated for CNS tumors experience can affect multiple developmental domains and day-to-day functioning, ultimately leading to a poor quality of survival (QoS). 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ionizing Radiation and Complex DDR
Ionizing radiation is a common tool in medical procedures. Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are widely used when dosimetry is the matter of investigation. The scientific community has invested, over the last 30 years, a lot of effort into improving the knowledge of radiation biology. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide and is heterogeneous both morphologically and molecularly. In an era of personalized medicine, the greatest challenge is to predict individual response to therapy and distinguish patients likely to be cured with surgical resection of tumors and systemic therapy from those resistant or non-responsive to treatment. Patients would avoid futile treatments, including clinical trial regimes and ultimately this would prevent under- and over-treatment and reduce unnecessary adverse side effects.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
The therapeutic approach to Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) has changed since the advent of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib, which was then followed by the second generation TKIs dasatinib, nilotinib, and, finally, by ponatinib, a third-generation drug. At present, these therapeutic options represent the first-line treatment for adults. Based on clinical experience, imatinb, dasatinib, and nilotinib have been approved for children even though the studies that were concerned with efficacy and safety toward pediatric patients are still awaiting more specific and high-quality data.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Obesity on Anti-Cancer Immunity
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and more recently targeted therapies including immunotherapy are becoming routine care for some cancers. Immunotherapy aims to upregulate the patient’s own immune system, enabling it to destroy cancerous cells. Obesity is a metabolic disorder characterized by significant weight that is an important contributor to many different diseases, including cancers. Obesity impacts the immune system and causes, among other things, a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. This is hypothesized to impact the efficacy of the immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, although not necessarily in a negative way. Data from several studies show that even though obesity causes a state of chronic low-grade inflammation with reductions in effector immune populations, it has a beneficial effect on patient survival following anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 treatment.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Recently Used Drug Targets and Autophagy
Autophagy is a governed catabolic framework enabling the recycling of nutrients from injured organelles and other cellular constituents via a lysosomal breakdown. This mechanism has been associated with the development of various pathologic conditions, including cancer and neurological disorders; however, recently updated studies have indicated that autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, acting as a cytoprotective or cytotoxic mechanism. It has recently been found that autophagy regulation is an intriguing and potentially useful strategy to improve cancer treatments. Numerous studies have indicated autophagy’s dual roles for several drugs that might be modulated to suppress or promote tumor growth, and the following sections describe autophagy’s dual function in recent drug treatments.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
14-3-3σ and Its Modulators
14-3-3σ is an acidic homodimer protein with more than one hundred different protein partners associated with oncogenic signaling and cell cycle regulation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Thermometry in Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is a treatment for cancer patients, which consists of heating the body to 43 °C. The temperature during treatment is usually measured by placing temperature probes intraluminal or invasively. The only clinically used option to measure temperature distributions non-invasively and in 3D is by MR thermometry (MRT). However, in order to be able to replace conventional temperature probes, MRT needs to become more reliable.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Ulvan As a Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharide
Cancer is one of the most worldwide spread diseases and causes maximum death. Treatment of cancer depends on the host immune system and the type of drugs. The inefficiency of conventional cancer treatments as a result of drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-related negative side effects has caused bioactive phytochemicals to come into focus. Ulvan is a polysaccharide derived from various green seaweeds of the Ulva species in the family Ulvaceae. It has been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of antioxidants. It is vital to understand the mechanisms underlying the biotherapeutic activities of Ulvan in cancer and its role in immunomodulation.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cripto-1 in Tumor Progression
Cripto-1 is an essential protein for human development that plays a key role in the early phase of gastrulation in the differentiation of an embryo as well as assists with wound healing processes. Importantly, Cripto-1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition to turn fixed epithelial cells into a more mobile mesenchymal phenotype through the downregulation of epithelial adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin, occludins, and claudins, and the upregulation of mesenchymal, mobile proteins, such as N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug. Consequently, Cripto-1’s role in inducing EMT to promote cell motility is beneficial in embryogenesis, but detrimental in the formation, progression and metastasis of malignant tumors. Indeed, Cripto-1 is found to be upregulated in most cancers, such as breast, lung, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cervical, ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers. Through its role in EMT, Cripto-1 can remodel cancer cells to enable them to travel through the extracellular matrix as well as blood and lymphatic vessels to metastasize to different organs. Additionally, Cripto-1 promotes the survival of cancer stem cells, which can lead to relapse in cancer patients. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cathepsin Proteases and Bcl-2 Proteins
Taken with the growing importance of cathepsin-mediated substrate proteolysis in tumor biology and progression, the focus and emphasis placed on therapeutic design and development is coming into fruition. Underpinning this approach is the invariable progression from the direction of fully characterizing cathepsin protease members and their substrate targets, towards targeting such an interaction with tangible therapeutics. The two groups of such substrates that have gained much attention over the years are the pro- and anti- apoptotic protein intermediates from the extrinsic and intrinsic signaling arms of the apoptosis pathway.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Measurable Residual Disease in AML
Relapse is still a major problem in AML because it occurs in about 60–80% of patients, even those who have previously achieved complete remission (CR), defined by the presence of ≤5% bone marrow (BM) leukemic cells. Thus, since CR is unable to predict the relapse risk, significantly more sensitive techniques aimed at identifying AML cells in BM or peripheral blood, a parameter termed measurable residual disease (MRD), have been developed. Among them, RT-qPCR, which analyses appropriate molecular markers, and multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), which analyses aberrantly expressed antigens, have been identified as the methods of choice for MRD detection. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma
Hürthle cells are characterized cytologically as large cells with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasms, and large hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of a Hürthle cell is swollen due mainly to the presence of numerous mitochondria. The mitochondrial protein has affinity to bind with eosin. Therefore, Hürthle cells are also called oxyphilic cells. Hürthle cell lesions in the thyroid are composed of cells with this classic histology, but not all oncocytic cells in the thyroid are true Hürthle cells. Cells with less or incomplete eosinophilic, granular appearance can observed, at least focally, in any thyroid lesions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular goiter, aging, and irradiated thyroids. These oncocytic, non-Hürthle cells are called “oncocytic metaplasia”.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Quercetin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Quercetin is a flavonoid present in fruits, vegetables and plants with beneficial effects in several human disorders, including liver cancer. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties make quercetin an interesting drug to be evaluated in hepatocarcinoma (HCC), the major primary liver tumor with a high mortality rate. Moreover, increasing number of studies reported a high variety of antitumor actions which places quercetin as a promising antitumor agent, not only as single treatment but also improving current therapeutic options against advanced HCC.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Multiplex Tissue Imaging
Multiplex spatial analysis methods have recently been developed; these have offered insight into how cellular crosstalk dynamics and heterogeneity affect cancer prognoses and responses to treatment. Multiplex (imaging) technologies and computational analysis methods allow for the spatial visualization and quantification of cell–cell interactions and properties. These technological advances allow for the discovery of cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment and provide detailed single-cell information on properties that define cellular behavior.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsically Fluorescent Anti-Cancer Drugs
About one-third of the total protein targets in the pharmaceutical research sector are kinase-based. While kinases have been attractive targets to combat many diseases, including cancer, selective kinase inhibition has been challenging, because of the high degree of structural homology in the active site where many kinase inhibitors bind. Spectroscopic approaches such as infrared, Raman, NMR and fluorescence have the potential to provide significant insights into drug-target and drug-non-target interactions because of sensitivity to molecular environment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
ACHP Targets the STAT3
STAT3 is an oncogenic transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes which are involved in malignant transformation. Aberrant activation of STAT3 has been observed in a wide range of human malignancies and its role in negative prognosis is well-documented. In this report, we performed high-throughput virtual screening in search of STAT3 signaling inhibitors using a cheminformatics platform and identified 2-Amino-6-[2-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-Hydroxyphenyl]-4-Piperidin-4-yl Nicotinonitrile (ACHP) as the inhibitor of the STAT3 signaling pathway. The predicted hit was evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines for its STAT3 inhibitory activity. In vitro experiments suggested that ACHP decreased the cell viability and inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 of NSCLC cells. In addition, ACHP imparted inhibitory activity on the constitutive activation of upstream protein tyrosine kinases, including JAK1, JAK2, and Src. ACHP decreased the nuclear translocation of STAT3 and downregulated its DNA binding ability. Apoptosis was evidenced by cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP with the subsequent decline in antiapoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and survivin. Overall, we report that ACHP can act as a potent STAT3 signaling inhibitor in NSCLC cell lines.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Macrophage
Macrophages within solid tumors and metastatic sites are heterogenous populations with different developmental origins and substantially contribute to tumor progression. A number of tumor-promoting phenotypes associated with both tumor- and metastasis-associated macrophages are similar to innate programs of embryonic-derived tissue-resident macrophages. In contrast to recruited macrophages originating from marrow precursors, tissue-resident macrophages are seeded before birth and function to coordinate tissue remodeling and maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis. Both recruited and tissue-resident macrophage populations contribute to tumor growth and metastasis and are important mediators of resistance to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, targeting various macrophage populations and their tumor-promoting phenotypes holds therapeutic promise.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Smoothened-Dependent/-Independent Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
The Hedgehog (Hh)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) signaling pathway is highly conserved among mammals, with crucial roles in regulating embryonic development as well as in cancer initiation and progression. The GLI transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are effectors of the Hh pathway and are regulated via Smoothened (SMO)-dependent and SMO-independent mechanisms. The SMO-dependent route involves the common Hh-PTCH-SMO axis, and mutations or transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation at these levels lead to the constitutive activation of GLI transcription factors. Conversely, the SMO-independent route involves the SMO bypass regulation of GLI transcription factors by external signaling pathways and their interacting proteins or by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GLI transcription factors expression. Both routes of GLI activation, when dysregulated, have been heavily implicated in tumorigenesis of many known cancers, making them important targets for cancer treatment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2021
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