You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
SARS Rehabilitation Protocol and COVID-19
As a global pandemic, COVID-19 shows no sign of letting up. With the control of the epidemic in China, the proportion of patients with severe and critical diseases being cured and discharged from hospital has increased, and the recovery of COVID-19 patients has become an important issue that urgently needs attention and solutions. By summarizing the exercise rehabilitation strategies and progress of SARS in 2003, this paper analyzed the differences in clinical indicators and recovery characteristics of severe pneumonia caused by the two viruses, and provided comprehensive exercise guidance and intervention strategies for COVID-19 patients for rehabilitation and nursing by referring to the problems and treatment strategies in the rehabilitation and nursing work of SARS. In the post-epidemic period, China will build a multi-dimensional epidemic prevention system by improving the effectiveness of mass training and strengthening local risk prevention and control.
  • 884
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic Management of LMICs
The World Bank has historically classified countries according to their per capita gross national income (GNI) into three groups: high-income countries (or HICs), middle-income countries (or MICs), and low-income countries (or LICs). In 2020, LICs were 32, suffering high rates of illnesses and infections due to the lack of clean water, low sanitation levels, malnutrition, and the lack of access to quality medical care. Approximately 5 billion people lived in MICs, representing over 70% of the world population. There are a total of 105 MICs. Only 77 countries were classified by the World Bank as HICs. The management of the COVID-19 pandemic represents a challenging process, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to the serious economic and health resource problems it generates. 
  • 884
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Natural Products with Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus
The resurgence and re-emergence of fatal viral infections pose a grave threat to public health. The emergence and spread of animal viruses are existential threats to humanity due to a number of intertwined and synergistic events, such as altered human behaviors, high-density rapid urbanization and demographic shift, modernization that encourages people with high mobility, large gatherings, global warming and destruction that altered the ecosystem, and an inadequate global public health system. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of retrovirus that infects humans. 
  • 884
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Alternatives to Antibiotics
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the major global health challenges. In addition to developing new antibiotics to combat ARB, sensitizing ARB, or pursuing alternatives to existing antibiotics are promising options to counter antibiotic resistance.  Anti-ARB strategies include the following: (i) discovery of novel antibiotics by modification of existing antibiotics, screening of small-molecule libraries, or exploration of peculiar places; (ii) improvement in the efficacy of existing antibiotics through metabolic stimulation or by loading a novel, more efficient delivery systems; (iii) development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics such as bacteriophages and their encoded endolysins, anti-biofilm drugs, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody therapies. 
  • 879
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multitargeting Compounds for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). To date, MTB still represents one of the most dangerous pathogens, claiming millions of lives each year worldwide. Polypharmacology could have features that make it an approach more effective than the classical polypharmacy, in which different drugs with high affinity for one target are taken together. Firstly, for a compound that has multiple targets, the probability of development of resistance should be considerably reduced. Moreover, such compounds should have higher efficacy, and could show synergic effects. Lastly, the use of a single molecule should be conceivably associated with a lower risk of side effects, and problems of drug–drug interaction.
  • 876
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19
COVID-19 had stormed through the world in early March of 2019, and on 5 May 2023, SARS-CoV-2 was officially declared to no longer be a global health emergency. The rise of new COVID-19 variants XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, a product of recombinant variants and sub-strains, has fueled a need for continued surveillance of the pandemic as they have been deemed increasingly infectious. This has caused an increase in hospitalizations, a strain in resources, and a rise of concern for public health. In addition, there is a growing population of patients experiencing cardiovascular complications as a result of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.
  • 875
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform
The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen–antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients.
  • 875
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Drug Remedies and Host Cell Responses for COVID-19
In light of the COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, ongoing research has centered on minimizing viral spread either by stopping viral entry or inhibiting viral replication. Repurposing antiviral drugs, typically nucleoside analogs, has proven successful at inhibiting virus replication. 
  • 874
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Fungi with Antiviral Effect
Medicinal fungi are not only crude extracts, but also that some single components, such as proteins, polysaccharides and terpenoids, can effectively combat viral infection. Some of these medicinal fungi also have inhibitory effects on a variety of viruses. The complex components are closely related to its multi-target and multi-link action mechanism. Some medicinal fungi, including Poria cocos and Polyporus umbellatus, have been widely used in clinical practice. Because of the special properties of medicinal fungi, it is better than that of traditional medicine, which is more beneficial to be used as a kind of health food.
  • 872
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycos
Mucormycosis is a rare infection caused the members of the order Mucorales. Its prevalence ranges from 0.005 to 1.7 per million people worldwide, while in India, it reaches 14 cases per 100,000 inhabitants . During the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge in mucormycosis cases has been observed, especially in India, where the Government of India portal reported 47,508 cases from 5 May 2021 to 3 August 2021. Characteristically, Samir Joshi et al. reported 160 cases of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) from April to May 2021 in the Ear, Nose, Throat Department of BJGMC-SGH hospital in India, compared with 3–8 cases of mucormycosis detected each year from 2016 to 2020.
  • 871
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Treatment of COVID-19
The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted the health and socioeconomic status of humans worldwide. Pulmonary infection of SARS-CoV-2 results in exorbitant viral replication and associated onset of inflammatory cytokine storm and disease pathology in various internal organs. At present, the pathological manifestations of acute and long-term COVID-19 and the underlying pathogenesis is not fully understood. Although currently used mRNA vaccines help to reduce the death among COVID cases, the protective effect is not long-lasting. Similarly, there is no targeted therapy available currently to cure COVID-19. Therefore, additional studies to understand the host-pathogen interactions are urgently needed to develop improved vaccines and therapeutic interventions to combat the current global COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 871
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Reevaluating Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics in Liver Cirrhosis
Impairments in liver function lead to different complications. As chronic liver disease progresses (CLD), hypoalbuminemia and alterations in bile acid compositions lead to changes in gut microbiota and, therefore, in the host–microbiome interaction, leading to a proinflammatory state. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and permeability, known as gut dysbiosis, have important implications in CLD; alterations in the gut–liver axis are a consequence of liver disease, but also a cause of CLD. Furthermore, gut dysbiosis plays an important role in the progression of liver cirrhosis and decompensation, particularly with complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
  • 870
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases
It is now 2 years since we have seen the impact of the CoronaVirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 worldwide, affecting millions of people and rates of mortality close to 6 million. Although we are beginning to see the real benefit of vaccines, in terms of reduced mortality rates, many individuals still remain to be vaccinated or do not respond to them leaving a large number of patients still experiencing severe respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19. In recent months, we have seen another surge in individuals infected with COVID-19 and mortality rates are also increasing. In the absence of effective therapies or vaccines, the medical and scientific community have extensively explored a range of current available therapeutic agents, mainly focused on targeting viral replication as well as managing severe respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19.  Vitamin D has emerged as one such candidate due to its recognized immunomodulatory effects. In this regard, the activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathway may generate beneficial effects in acute respiratory distress syndrome by decreasing the cytokine/chemokine storm, thus having an important immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role.
  • 869
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
WT Parent Virus for Effective LAIV
Current influenza vaccine candidates, for potential use in vaccine manufacturing, are reassortants of master donor virus (MDV) with wild-type (WT) virus that is antigenically similar to the recommended strain. MDVs have all the necessary characteristics for the type of vaccines of which they are intended. Two types of MDVs are used in the preparation of influenza vaccines—high-yielding donors for IIV and temperature-sensitive (ts) and cold-adapted (ca) donors of attenuation—for LAIV. There are a number of main features of WT influenza virus that may dramatically affect different aspects of the preparation of egg-derived live attenuated vaccine candidates and their effectiveness. 
  • 869
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Long COVID-19 in Children
Long Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) refers to the persistence of symptoms related to the infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This condition is described as persistent and can manifest in various combinations of signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, dyspnea, depression, cognitive impairment, and altered perception of smells and tastes. Long COVID-19 may be due to long-term damage to different organs—such as lung, brain, kidney, and heart—caused by persisting viral-induced inflammation, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, diffuse endothelial damage, and micro thrombosis.
  • 867
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Viral Infection
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cancer progression.
  • 867
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Occult Infection with Hepatitis C Virus
Occult infection with hepatitis C virus (OCI) is defined as the presence of HCV-RNA in hepatocytes, and/or PBMCs in individuals, who are HCV-RNA negative in serum by conventional diagnostic tests (with LoD 15 IU/mL). Depending on the presence or absence of anti-HCV in serum, two types of OCI are distinguished—seronegative and seropositive. Occult viral persistence by definition escapes clinical diagnostic schemes and can last for many years after spontaneous or treatment-induced sustained virological response (SVR).
  • 864
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Candida auris
Candida auris is considered to be an emerging fungal pathogen and is related to high mortality rates, persistent candidemia, inconsistencies in susceptibility testing results and misidentification by available commercial identification systems. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) strains are increasingly detected. In Europe, hospital outbreaks caused by C. auris have been reported in the United Kingdom (UK), Italy and Spain.
  • 864
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in the MENA Region
Mycobacterium bovis is the etiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a serious infectious disease in both humans and animals. BTB is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle and occasionally humans infected through close contact with infected hosts or the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Zoonotic tuberculosis is strongly associated with poverty and poor hygiene, and low- and middle-income countries bear the brunt of the disease. The epidemiologic trends of M. bovis infection varied across the MENA countries, likely influenced by the population size, characteristics of the targeted population, the geographical region, and the rigor of the adopted diagnostic tools and investigation methods. Additionally, the heterogeneity of BTB prevalence has been also associated with other factors such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination status, the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, and the efficiency of national surveillance programs and BTB control measures.
  • 863
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Delta and Lambda Variants of SARS-CoV-2
The high transmissibility of Delta and Lambda variants has raised the need to determine the reason for the infectivity of these variants. Since the Delta variant first emerged in India in June 2020, the global incidence of the Delta variant has made it a VOC. The Delta variant is 60% more infectious than the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, Lambda, a VOI, was first reported in Peru in December, 2020 and currently, its diverse mutations and increased frequency in over 29 countries has raised more attention.
  • 862
  • 23 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 32
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback