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Topic Review
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
The term neuromyelitis optica was introduced by Eugène Devic and Fernand Gault in 1894, who first recognized the association of amaurosis and myelitis as a new clinical entity.
  • 797
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
T2D Risk in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk for dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes compared to healthy BMI-matched women of reproductive age.
  • 795
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
BCG Vaccination
BCG vaccine has been used for 100 years to prevent tuberculosis. Not all countries, including the United States, adopted the initial World Health Organization recommendation to use BCG. Moreover, many Western countries that had routinely used BCG have discontinued its use.
  • 794
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neuromuscular Diseases
Inflammasomes are molecular platforms that are formed and activated by a host in response to pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns as well as cellular injury and stress. Inflammasome activation is benefical to the host as it plays a pivotal role in the clearance of the pathogen and restore tissue homeostasis. However, aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by a wide variety of sterile triggers, including misfolded protein aggregates drives pathological sterile inflammation and is associated with several neuromuscular diseases. Assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to the caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage and secretion of key proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and a lytic form of cell death known as pyroptosis. These cytokines further amplify inflammatory responses by activating various signaling cascades, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue damage.
  • 787
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biosensor-Integrated Drug Delivery Systems in Diabetes
One of the most recognized diseases worldwide is diabetes. There are currently almost half a billion individuals globally with this disease and this is expected to crest three quarters of a billion by the end of the decade. Traditionally, diabetes is broken into three categories: Type 1 (previously referred to as juvenile); Type 2 (occasion defined as adult onset), and gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in ~2–10% of pregnant women with roughly 50% of these cases leading to the mother developing T2D after giving birth. Generally, 5–10% of cases of diabetes are of the T1D form with the remaining 90–95% having T2D. The need to monitor blood glucose, whether for T1D or T2D, is vital for the health and welfare of those afflicted with these diseases. Equally, if not more important, is the need to administer the necessary drug once the knowledge of one’s blood glucose is determined. It is this key second part that has led to significant efforts and ultimate successes in bringing closed-loop systems for diabetes management to market.
  • 784
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and the Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached epidemic proportions and this is likely due to alterations in diet and the environment as well as decreased physical activity.
  • 783
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanosystems in Treating Lung Cancer
Even though there are various types of cancer, this pathology as a whole is considered the principal cause of death worldwide. Lung cancer is known as a heterogeneous condition, and it is apparent that genome modification presents a significant role in the occurrence of this disorder. There are conventional procedures that can be utilized against diverse cancer types, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but they are hampered by the numerous side effects. Owing to the many adverse events observed in these therapies, it is imperative to continuously develop new and improved strategies for managing individuals with cancer. Nanomedicine plays an important role in establishing new methods for detecting chromosomal rearrangements and mutations for targeted chemotherapeutics or the local delivery of drugs via different types of nano-particle carriers to the lungs or other organs or areas of interest.
  • 781
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 in Thyroid Disorders
A properly functioning thyroid gland is crucial for health, influencing growth, neuronal development, reproduction and as a key regulator of energy metabolism, although thyroid disorders/diseases are extremely common and affect 200 million people worldwide. Viral infection may represent one of the major environmental factors related to common thyroid disorders, including subacute thyroiditis (SAT), nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) including Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).
  • 778
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Postural Control
Subjects who had experienced olfactory dysfunction or respiratory distress during COVID-19 demonstrate symptoms of balance deficits after COVID-19 recovery, and the analysis using rambling-trembling decomposition method might point at less efficient peripheral control. Monitoring for neurological sequelae of COVID-19 should be considered. 
  • 774
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sex-Related Differences in Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
There is increasing evidence of sex differences in the action of anti-inflammatory drugs, with women being at significantly higher risk of adverse effects. Nevertheless, clinicians’ awareness of the implications of these sex differences on dosing and adverse event monitoring in routine practice is still in need of improvement.
  • 772
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Acupressure for Managing Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, which is linked to joint degeneration, loss of cartilage, and alterations of the subchondral bone, and mainly affects the hands, knees, and hips. OA is a highly predominant health condition, which has affected over 260 million people worldwide, and it is becoming even more common due to the combined effects of aging and obesity. OA is even more problematic as it is associated with pain, disability, and personal and economic burden. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure as a treatment method for osteoarthritis. 
  • 771
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and Liver Disease
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a lower-than-expected response to insulin action from target tissues, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes through the impairment of both glucose and lipid metabolism. IR is a common condition in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is considered one of the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in the progression of liver disease. The liver, the adipose tissue and the skeletal muscle are major contributors for the development and worsening of IR.
  • 770
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Primary Membranous Glomerulonephritis
The detection of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and thrombospondin domain containing 7A THSD7A among primary membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) patients transformed the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis. Anti-PLA2R can be detected in 70–90% of primary MGN patients while anti-THSD7A in 2–3% of anti-PLA2R negative primary MGN patients depending on the technique used. Serum and urine samples are less invasive and non-invasive, respectively, and thus can detect the presence of anti-PLA2R and anti-THSD7A with higher sensitivity and specificity, which is significant in patient monitoring and prognosis. It is better than exposing patients to a frequent biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Different techniques of detection of PLA2R and THSD7A in patients’ urine and sera were reviewed to provide newer and alternative techniques. We proposed the use of biomarkers (PLA2R and THSD7A) in the diagnosis, treatment decision, and follow-up of patients with primary MGN.
  • 768
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Yellow Fever Vaccination
Yellow fever (YF) remains a threat to global health, with an increasing number of major outbreaks in the tropical areas of the world over the recent past. In light of this, the Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics Strategy was established with the aim of protecting one billion people at risk of YF through vaccination by the year 2026. The current YF vaccine gives excellent protection, but its use is limited by shortages in supply due to the difficulties in producing the vaccine. There are good grounds for believing that alternative fractional dosing regimens can produce strong protection and overcome the problem of supply shortages as less vaccine is required per person. However, immune responses to these vaccination approaches are yet to be fully understood. In addition, published data on immune responses following YF vaccination have mostly quantified neutralising antibody titers. However, vaccine-induced antibodies can confer immunity through other antibody effector functions beyond neutralisation, and an effective vaccine is also likely to induce strong and persistent memory T cell responses.
  • 767
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Acute Hepatic Porphyrias
Porphyrias are a group of congenital and acquired diseases caused by an enzymatic impairment in the biosynthesis of heme. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, different types of porphyrias (i.e., chronic vs. acute, cutaneous vs. neurovisceral, hepatic vs. erythropoietic) are described, with different clinical presentations. Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are characterized by life-threatening acute neuro-visceral crises (acute porphyric attacks, APAs), featuring a wide range of neuropathic (central, peripheral, autonomic) manifestations.
  • 765
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is still today the most common lethal genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance in the Caucasian population, with a prevalence of 1 case per 2500 live births. The disease is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that causes the CFTR protein to become dysfunctional. When the protein is not working correctly, there is reduced transport of chloride ions with consequent dysregulation of epithelial lining fluid (mucus) transport in the lung, pancreas and other organs. Oxidative stress is a complex process in which excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect, either directly or indirectly, all structural and functional components of cells at a molecular level. This arises because the production of these chemical species is increased and/or because the physiological defense capacity towards them, thanks to the antioxidant system, is reduced. 
  • 765
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Obesity-Induced Perivascular Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Vascular Homeostasis
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an additional special type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Under physiological conditions, PVAT plays a significant role in regulation of vascular tone, intravascular thermoregulation, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. PVAT is responsible for releasing adipocytes-derived relaxing factors (ADRF) and perivascular-derived relaxing factors (PDRF), which have anticontractile properties.
  • 764
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Novel Oral Anticoagulants
The use of novel oral anticoagulants in patients with impaired renal function or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy is limited due to the risk of drug-to-drug interactions and anticoagulation-related adverse events. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been commonly used in patients facing a higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) incidents such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thrombo-embolic events (VTE), successfully decreasing numbers of CV incidents in the general population. The probability of those incidents increases in specific groups of patients, including those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) where the risk of developing AF averages between 19–24%, reaching up to 27% in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
  • 764
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Management in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus. These neuropathies can present in various forms, and with the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, a subsequent increase in peripheral neuropathy cases has been noted. Peripheral neuropathy has a significant societal and economic burden, with patients requiring concomitant medication and often experiencing a decline in their quality of life. There is currently a wide variety of pharmacological interventions, including serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gapentanoids, sodium channel blockers, and tricyclic antidepressants. 
  • 764
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PSTS-h
Primary malignant cardiac tumors are rare, with a prevalence of about 0.01% among all cancer histotypes. At least 60% of them are primary soft tissue sarcomas of the heart (pSTS-h) that represent almost 1% of all STSs. The cardiac site of origin is the best way to classify pSTS-h as it is directly linked to the surgical approach for cancer removal. Indeed, histological differentiation should integrate the classification to provide insights into prognosis and survival expectancy of the patients. The prognosis of pSTS-h is severe and mostly influenced by the primary localization of the tumor, the difficulty in achieving complete surgical and pharmacological eradication, and the aggressive biological features of malignant cells.
  • 763
  • 05 Jul 2021
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