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Topic Review
Goose Bumps
Goose bumps, goosebumps or goose-pimples are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is tickled, cold or experiencing strong emotions such as fear, euphoria or sexual arousal. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered to be a vestigial reflex. Its function in other apes is to raise the body's hair, and would have made human ancestors appear larger to scare off predators or to increase the amount of air trapped in the fur to make it more insulating. The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as piloerection or the pilomotor reflex, or, more traditionally, horripilation. It occurs in many mammals; a prominent example is porcupines, which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Methotrexate
Methotrexate (MTX), a structural analogue of folic acid, that inhibits cell division (mainly in the S phase of the cell cycle) is commonly used for the treatment of many cancers as well for severe and resistant forms of autoimmune pathologies and inflammatory disorders. This paragraph of clinical overview presents state of knowledge with regards to different pathways of MTX active transport system, mechanisms of action and its applications as immunosuppressive drug and anticancer agent.  
  • 4.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dental Robotics: A Disruptive Technology
Robotics is a disruptive technology that will change diagnostics and treatment protocols in dental medicine. Robots can perform repeated workflows for an indefinite length of time while enhancing the overall quality and quantity of patient care. Early robots required a human operator, but robotic systems have advanced significantly over the past decade, and the latest medical robots can perform patient intervention or remote monitoring autonomously. However, little research data on the therapeutic reliability and precision of autonomous robots are available. The present paper reviews the promise and practice of robots in dentistry by evaluating published work on commercial robot systems in dental implantology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthetic and restorative dentistry, endodontics, orthodontics, oral radiology as well as dental education. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Integrated Watershed Management
Human activities mostly impact the trend and direction of rainwater, groundwater, and other river basin resources in the watershed in Africa. These activities alter river flows and the quality of usable water supplies at both highlands and lowlands. A watershed is indeed a conserved area of land that collects rain, sleet and snow, and empties or penetrates groundwater sources.
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pascal's Wager
Pascal's Wager is an argument in philosophy presented by the seventeenth-century French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62). It posits that humans bet with their lives that God either exists or does not. Pascal argues that a rational person should live as though God exists and seek to believe in God. If God does not actually exist, such a person will have only a finite loss (some pleasures, luxury, etc.), whereas he stands to receive infinite gains (as represented by eternity in Heaven) and avoid infinite losses (eternity in Hell). Pascal's Wager was based on the idea of the Christian God, though similar arguments have occurred in other religious traditions. The original wager was set out in section 233 of Pascal's posthumously published Pensées ("Thoughts"). These previously unpublished notes were assembled to form an incomplete treatise on Christian apologetics. Historically, Pascal's Wager was groundbreaking because it charted new territory in probability theory, marked the first formal use of decision theory, and anticipated future philosophies such as existentialism, pragmatism and voluntarism.
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Void Nucleation in Metals
The research discussed about the development of micro-voids in metals, leading to ductile fracture, associated with plastic deformation, without taking into account the cleavage mechanism. Particular emphasis was placed on the results of observations and experimental studies, the characteristics of the phenomenon itself, without in-depth analysis in the field of widely used FEM modelling. The mechanism of void development as a fracture mechanism is presented. Observations of the nucleation of voids in metals from the turn of the 1950s and 1960s to the present day have been described. The nucleation mechanisms related to the defects of the crystal lattice as well as those resulting from the presence of second phase particles were characterised.
  • 4.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ochlocracy
Ochlocracy (Greek: ὀχλοκρατία, romanized: okhlokratía; Latin: ochlocratia) or mob rule is the rule of government by a mob or mass of people and the intimidation of legitimate authorities. Insofar as it represents a pejorative for majoritarianism, it is akin to the Latin phrase mobile vulgus, meaning "the fickle crowd", from which the English term "mob" originally was derived in the 1680s. Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to the modern, informal term "mobocracy", which arose in the 18th century as a colloquial neologism. Likewise, whilst the ruling mobs in ochlocracies may sometimes genuinely reflect the will of the majority in a manner approximating democracy, ochlocracy is characterized by the absence or impairment of a procedurally civil and democratic process.
  • 4.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Customer-Relationship Management
Customer-relationship management (CRM) is an approach to manage a company's interaction with current and potential customers. It uses data analysis about customers' history with a company to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention and ultimately driving sales growth. One important aspect of the CRM approach is the systems of CRM that compile data from a range of different communication channels, including a company's website, telephone, email, live chat, marketing materials and more recently, social media. Through the CRM approach and the systems used to facilitate it, businesses learn more about their target audiences and how to best cater to their needs.
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
The VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS), formerly known as the "Values in Action Inventory," is a proprietary psychological assessment measure designed to identify an individual's profile of character strengths. It was created by Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman, well-known researchers in the field of positive psychology, in order to operationalize their Character Strengths and Virtues Handbook (CSV). The CSV is the positive psychology counterpart to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used in traditional psychology. Unlike the DSM, which scientifically categorizes human deficits and disorders, the CSV classifies positive human strengths. Moreover, the CSV is centered on helping people recognize and build upon their strengths. This aligned with the overall goal of the positive psychology movement, which aims to make people's lives more fulfilling, rather than simply treating mental illness. Notably, the VIA-IS is the tool by which people can identify their own positive strengths and learn how to capitalize on them.
  • 4.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Musical Instruments Made of Composites and Alternative Materials
The evolution of musical instrument manufacturing has been a dynamic process, with traditional materials such as wood playing a predominant role for centuries. However, the need for innovation in the musical industry has driven researchers and manufacturers to explore alternative materials that offer enhanced performance, sustainability, and versatility. The demand for different materials arises from various challenges faced by the musical instruments industry, including the lack of high-quality tonewoods, the significant variations in both mechanical and acoustical properties of wood internally within a single piece or across the same species, environmental concerns, and the quest for achieving specific acoustic properties. Composite materials, such as carbon- and graphite fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs and GFRPs), ceramic polymers, and nanocomposites, constitute promising alternatives that not only address these challenges, but also offer unique advantages in terms of durability, weight reduction, and customizable acoustic characteristics. 
  • 4.1K
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction
Groundwater and surface water, though thought to be different entities in the past, are connected throughout the different landforms of the world. The interaction between groundwater and surface water (GW–SW) is responsible for a phenomenon like contaminant transport, and understanding it helps to estimate the effects of climate change, land use on chemical behavior, and the nature of water. 
  • 4.1K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tuta absoluta
The South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has aggressively invaded the African continent. Since its first detection in North Africa in Morocco and Tunisia in 2008, it has successfully invaded the entire southern, eastern and western Africa, where it has been on the offensive, causing significant damage to Solanaceous food crops. 
  • 4.1K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Right to Exist
The right to exist is said to be an attribute of nations. According to an essay by the nineteenth-century French philosopher Ernest Renan, a state has the right to exist when individuals are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the community it represents. Unlike self-determination, the right to exist is an attribute of states rather than of peoples. It is not a right recognized in international law. The phrase has featured prominently in the Arab–Israeli conflict since the 1950s. The right to exist of a de facto state may be balanced against another state's right to territorial integrity. Proponents of the right to exist trace it back to the "right of existence", said to be a fundamental right of states recognized by writers on international law for hundreds of years.
  • 4.1K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Machine Learning for Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to a family of manufacturing processes where materials are joined to make parts from 3D modelling data, generally in a layer-upon-layer manner. AM is rapidly increasing in industrial adoption for the manufacture of end-use parts, which is therefore pushing for the maturation of design, process, and production techniques. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with training programs to self-improve and has applications in a wide range of areas, such as computer vision, prediction, and information retrieval. Many of the problems facing AM can be categorised into one or more of these application areas. Studies have shown ML techniques to be effective in improving AM design, process, and production but there are limited industrial case studies to support further development of these techniques.
  • 4.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bohr–van Leeuwen Theorem
The Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem states that when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero. This makes magnetism in solids solely a quantum mechanical effect and means that classical physics cannot account for diamagnetism.
  • 4.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Electric Vehicles
EVs have the ability to run solely on electric propulsion or in conjunction with an internal combustion engine (ICE). The simplest sort of EV relies just on batteries as its source of energy; however, there are many variants that make use of a variety of other types of energy sources. These automobiles are hybrid electric models (HEVs). The Technical Committee 69 Electric Road Vehicles (ERV) of the International Electrical Technical Commission proposes that vehicles with two or more forms of energy source, storage, or converters can be classified as HEVs as long as at least one of them provides electrical energy.
  • 4.1K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
RdRand
RDRAND (previously known as Bull Mountain) is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source. RDRAND is available in Ivy Bridge processors[lower-alpha 1] and is part of the Intel 64 and IA-32 instruction set architectures. AMD added support for the instruction in June 2015. The random number generator is compliant with security and cryptographic standards such as NIST SP 800-90A, FIPS 140-2, and ANSI X9.82. Intel also requested Cryptography Research Inc. to review the random number generator in 2012, which resulted in the paper Analysis of Intel's Ivy Bridge Digital Random Number Generator. RDSEED is similar to RDRAND and provides higher level access to the entropy hardware. The RDSEED generator and processor instruction rdseed are available with Intel Broadwell CPUs and AMD Zen CPUs.
  • 4.1K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sign Language Recognition Models
A hybrid system for sign language is a combination of both vision-sensor-based and combination of different sensors based models. 
  • 4.1K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
High-level Architecture
The high-level architecture (HLA) is a general purpose architecture for distributed computer simulation systems. Using HLA, computer simulations can interact (that is, to communicate data, and to synchronize actions) with other computer simulations regardless of the computing platforms. The interaction between simulations is managed by a run-time infrastructure (RTI). HLA is an interoperability standard for distributed simulation used to support analysis, engineering and training in a number of different domains in both military and civilian applications and is the standard technical architecture for all US Department of Defense simulations.
  • 4.1K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Music and Sound Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by symptoms including: intrusive memories, hyper-arousal, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and negative alterations in mood or cognition that develop following exposure to traumatic life events.
  • 4.1K
  • 15 Mar 2022
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