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HandWiki. Goose Bumps. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36960 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Goose Bumps. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36960. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Goose Bumps" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36960 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). Goose Bumps. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36960
HandWiki. "Goose Bumps." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
Goose Bumps
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Goose_bumps

Goose bumps, goosebumps or goose-pimples are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is tickled, cold or experiencing strong emotions such as fear, euphoria or sexual arousal. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered to be a vestigial reflex. Its function in other apes is to raise the body's hair, and would have made human ancestors appear larger to scare off predators or to increase the amount of air trapped in the fur to make it more insulating. The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as piloerection or the pilomotor reflex, or, more traditionally, horripilation. It occurs in many mammals; a prominent example is porcupines, which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators.

horripilation goosebumps piloerection

References

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  2. Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? International Journal of Trichology, 6(3), 88–94. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139077 https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-7753.139077
  3. Torkamani, N., Rufaut, N., Jones, L., & Sinclair, R. (2014). Beyond goosebumps: Does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? International Journal of Trichology, 6(3), 88–94. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139077 https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-7753.139077
  4. Martin Muller and John Mitan. Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees. Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 35 http://people.bu.edu/mnmuller/Pdfs/Muller&Mitani_2005.pdf
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  6. Masuda (Jul 1999). "Developmental and pharmacological features of mouse emotional piloerection". Experimental Animals 48 (3): 209–211. doi:10.1538/expanim.48.209. PMID 10480027.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1538%2Fexpanim.48.209
  7. David Huron. Biological Templates for Musical Experience: From Fear to Pleasure. Abstract http://www.music-cog.ohio-state.edu/Huron/Talks/2006/ISNM/abstract.html
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  9. Benedek (2010). "Objective and continuous measurement of piloerection". Psychophysiology 47 (5): 989–993. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01003.x. PMID 20233341.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8986.2010.01003.x
  10. Benedek, Kaernbach (2011). "Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection". Biological Psychology 86 (3): 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.012. PMID 21276827.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3061318
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  12. Craig, Daniel G. (2005-07-01). "An Exploratory Study of Physiological Changes during "Chills" Induced by Music". Musicae Scientiae 9 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1177/102986490500900207.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F102986490500900207
  13. Smet, Peter A. G. M. (1997). Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs, Volume 3. Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-60181-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=KeHVBQAAQBAJ&q=yohimbine+hcl+piloerection&pg=PT261. Retrieved 19 September 2015. 
  14. Goldberg, M R (1983). "Influence of yohimbine on blood pressure, autonomic reflexes, and plasma catecholamines in Humans". Hypertension 5 (5): 776–777. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.5.5.772. PMID 6352483. http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/5/5/772. Retrieved 19 September 2015. 
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  19. Heathers, James A.J.; Fayn, Kirill; Silvia, Paul J.; Tiliopoulos, Niko; Goodwin, Matthew S. (July 30, 2018). "The voluntary control of piloerection". PeerJ 6: e5292. doi:10.7717/peerj.5292. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 30083447. PMC 6071615. https://peerj.com/articles/5292. 
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  21. Online Etymology Dictionary – "Goose-bumps", http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=goose+bumps 
  22. Translations for goose-bumps in English wiktionary
  23. Dialectal map for goose-bumps in Mandarin
  24. Roberts, Chris (2004), Heavy words lightly thrown: the reason behind the rhyme, Granta, p. 24, ISBN 978-1-86207-765-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PA24 
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